Topological charge susceptibility χ t for pure gauge SU(3) theory at finite temperature is studied using anisotropic lattices. The over-improved stout-link smoothing method is utilized to calculate the topological charge. Near the phase transition point we find a rapid declining behavior for χ t with values decreasing from (188(1)MeV) 4 to (67(3)MeV) 4 as the temperature increased from zero temperature to 1.9T c which demonstrates the existence of topological excitations far above T c . The 4th order cumulant c 4 of topological charge, as well as the ratio c 4 /χ t are also investigated. Results of c 4 show step-like behavior near T c while the ratio at high temperature agrees with the value as predicted by the diluted instanton gas model.
We smear quenched lattice QCD ensembles with lattice volume 32 3 × 8 by using Wilson flow. Six ensembles at temperature near the critical temperature T c corresponding to the critical inverse coupling β c ¼ 6.06173ð49Þ are used to investigate the localization of topological charge density. If the effective smearing radius of Wilson flow is large enough, the density, size and peak of Harrington-Shepard (HS) caloron-like topological lumps of ensembles are stable when β ≤ 6.050, but start to change significantly when β ≥ 6.055. The inverse participation ratio (IPR) of topological charge density shows similar results, it begins to increase when β ≥ 6.055 and is stable when β ≤ 6.050. The pseudoscalar glueball mass is extracted from the topological charge density correlator (TCDC) of ensembles at T ¼ 1.19T c , and 1.36T c , the masses are 1.915(98) and 1.829(123) GeV respectively, they are consistent with results from conventional methods.
To discover the possible target of biochanin A (BCA) in the lipid metabolism pathway and further explore its mechanism to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: We adopted a high-fat and high-glucose diet for 12 weeks to build the NAFLD rat model, which was then treated with different proportions of BCA for 4 weeks. General condition, body weight, Lee index, and liver index were then evaluated. Furthermore, blood lipid level and insulin resistance (IR) were detected. Moreover, hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining were used to observe the pathological changes in the liver. Finally, Western blotting was used to detect the protein expression levels of CYP7A1, HMGCR, LDLR, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and SREBP-1c in the liver. Results: The vital signs of rats in each group were stable. The treatment with BCA effectively reduced Lee index and liver index (F = 104.781, P < 0.05); however, the weight was not effected in each group. Additionally, BCA effectively reduced the related lipid metabolism indexes of NAFLD, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), blood glucose, insulin, IR (F =12.463 (TC), 6.909 [TG], and 15.3 effected 75 [LDL], P < 0.05), and increased HDL (F = 11.580, P < 0.05). We observed that BCA could significantly improve steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in liver slices. Furthermore, BCA significantly increased the CYP7A1, LDLR, and PPAR-α protein expression in the liver and downregulated the HMGCR, SREBP-1c, and PPAR-γ protein expression. Conclusion: BCA could delay the liver damage of NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet, regulate the blood lipid level, and improve the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in rats.
The topological charge density and topological susceptibility are determined by multi-probing approximation using overlap fermions in quenched SU(3) gauge theory. Then we investigate the topological structure of the quenched QCD vacuum, and compare it with results from the all-scale topological density, the results are consistent. Random permuted topological charge density is used to check whether these structures represent underlying ordered properties. Pseudoscalar glueball mass is extracted from the two-point correlation function of the topological charge density. We study 3 ensembles of different lattice spacing a with the same lattice volume 16 3 ×32, the results are compatible with the results of all-scale topological charge density, and the topological structures revealed by multi-probing are much closer to all-scale topological charge density than that by eigenmode expansion.
We evaluate the topological charge density of SU(3) gauge fields on a lattice by calculating the trace of the overlap Dirac matrix employing the symmetric multi-probing (SMP) method in 3 modes. Since the topological charge Q for a given lattice configuration must be an integer number, it is easy to estimate the systematic error (the deviation of Q to the nearest integer). The results demonstrate a high efficiency and accuracy in calculating the trace of the inverse of a large sparse matrix with locality by using the SMP sources when compared to using point sources. We also show the correlation between the errors and probing scheme parameter , as well as lattice volume and lattice spacing a. It is found that the computational time for calculating the trace by employing the SMP sources is less dependent on than by using point sources. Therefore, the SMP method is very suitable for calculations on large lattices.
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