Diet and/or exercise interventions led to a significant decrease in the incidence of diabetes over a 6-year period among those with IGT.

BackgroundThe association between hyperinsulinemia and obesity is well known. However, it is uncertain especially in childhood obesity, if initial fasting hyperinsulinemia predicts obesity, or obesity leads to hyperinsulinemia through insulin resistance.ObjectiveTo investigate the predictive effect of fasting plasma insulin on subsequent weight change after a 5-year interval in childhood.Methods424 Children from Da Qing city, China, were recruited at 5 years of age and followed up for 5 years. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, fasting plasma insulin, glucose and triglycerides were measured at baseline and 5 years later.ResultsFasting plasma insulin at 5 years of age was significantly correlated with change of weight from 5 to 10 years (ΔWeight). Children in the lowest insulin quartile had ΔWeight of 13.08±0.73 kg compare to 18.39±0.86 in the highest insulin quartile (P<0.0001) in boys, and similarly 12.03±0.71 vs 15.80±0.60 kg (P<0.0001) in girls. Multivariate analysis showed that the predictive effect of insulin at 5 years of age on subsequent weight gain over 5 years remained statistically significant even after the adjustment for age, sex, birth weight, TV-viewing time and weight (or body mass index) at baseline. By contrast, the initial weight at 5 years of age did not predict subsequent changes in insulin level 5 years later. Children who had both higher fasting insulin and weight at 5 years of age showed much higher levels of systolic blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and triglycerides at 10 years of age.ConclusionsFasting plasma insulin at 5 years of age predicts weight gain and cardiovascular risk factors 5 year later in Chinese children of early childhood, but the absolute weight at 5 years of age did not predict subsequent change in fasting insulin.

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Quadratic functions and quaternary functions are preferable forms solving parallel robot kinematics problems. In order to simplify and to use only one method to solve all forms of the objective functions, this article introduces prevalent techniques to downgrade mathematical model of the objective functions from quaternary function to quadratic function in parallel robot kinematics problem. By using equivalent alternative kinematic structure and additional mathematical constraints, we will change from the study of parallel robot kinematics problem with the form of quaternary objective function as the original configuration to equivalent alternative configuration in the form of quadratic objective function. The parallel robot kinematics problem based on alternative configuration with quadratic objective function is not only simpler but also helps to quickly identify the mathmatical relationships in the joint space and work space of parallel robot. Then, more accurate control solution of parallel robot kinematics problem can be identified. Moreover, by using techniques in this study, all forms of objective functions of parallel robot of any structure can be easily solved. The result from numerical simulation has been used to prove the presented approaches.