OBJECTIVES The embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal gene Nanog has been shown to be expressed in several tumor types and to regulate tumor development. The aim of this study was to perform a detailed analysis of Nanog expression in human endometrial adenocarcinoma (EAC). METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to characterize Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4 expression in tissue arrays containing EAC, benign endometrium samples, and tumorosphere cells. Tumorosphere formation of EAC-derived cells in stem cell culture medium was also analyzed. Nanog expression was then analyzed in secondary tumors initiated by injection of tumorospheres or tumorosphere-derived differentiated cells into fifteen female nude mice. Apoptosis and cell proliferation were detected in fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) and 3-( 4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) experiments, respectively. RESULTS The Nanog protein was expressed in a majority of EAC samples (45/55, 81.8%), but not in benign endometrium samples (0/26, 0.0%). Oct4 and Sox2 were also commonly expressed in EAC samples (42/55, 76.4%; 39/55, 70.9%, respectively). Subsets of cancer cells from all EAC samples (15/15, 100%) exhibited the capacity to form Nanog-positive tumorospheres. The tumorospheres also expressed Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 mRNA and showed a higher proliferation potential than differentiated cells. All 15 mice that were injected with tumorosphere cells formed tumors, while only 3/15 mice injected with differentiated cells derived from tumorospheres developed tumors. All secondary xenograft tumors still expressed Nanog protein as well as Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 mRNA, and had higher proliferation and lower apostosis than did differentiated cells. CONCLUSION Overexpression of Nanog in EACs suggests that Nanog may represent a potential therapeutic target for EAC. Additionally, Nanog may be useful as a biomarker in an immunohistochemical panel to differentiate between EAC and benign endometrial tissues. Expression of Nanog in tumorospheres may be indicative of the presence of a population of endometrial cancer stem cells (ECSCs), and its expression in xenograft tumors suggests that Nanog may also be associated with tumor metastasis.

The Octamer 4 gene (Oct4) is a master pluripotency controller that has been detected in several types of tumors. Here, we examine the expression of Oct4 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We found that punctate Oct4 protein was expressed in most (93.7%) ESCC samples but it was not observed in esophageal mucosa. Some ESCC cells had the capacity to form tumorospheres; those with an Oct4 + -rich cell phenotype had increased proliferation and Oct4 mRNA levels compared to those of differentiated cells in culture or xenograft tumors. The over-expression of Oct4 in ESCCs suggests that it is a potential target for ESCC therapy. Oct4 could be a useful tumor marker in an immunohistochemical panel designed to differentiate between ESCC and esophageal mucosa. Expression of Oct4 in tumorospheres might indicate the presence of a population of ECSCs and its expression in xenograft tumors suggests that Oct4 is also associated with tumor metastasis.