INTRODUCCIÓNDurante el análisis de los fenómenos sociales los científicos descubren, infelizmente, que éstos tienen orígenes multicausales. Aún más, en el análisis de las causas de los problemas sociales aparecen elementos que adoptan la doble naturaleza de causa/efecto. Así, un factor generador de impacto puede ser, a su vez, producto de una o varias causas (Tufte, 2001). Para mayor dificultad de este ejercicio científico, el propio problema es, como todo fenómeno en el ámbito de lo social, una construcción (Hanningan, 1995).Desde la Academia se ha destacado la vulnerabilidad de los municipios costeros del Mediterráneo español que han optado por la especialización económica del turismo residencial, tanto desde una perspectiva de cambios en los mercados emisores (Vera y Monforte, 1994; Olcina y Rico, 2005) como de alteraciones en su medio ambiente (Aledo, 2008). También se ha señalado que un parte importante de los problemas que padecen estos municipios son resultado de una rápida y errónea planificación urbanística y turística desarrollada para atender las exigencias de una demanda en constante y rápido crecimiento (MUN-
Environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) can be an extremely useful tool for identifying and evaluating the repercussions of a wide range of initiatives. Typically when the project and its impacts are highly complex, an ESIA can detect a large number of issues that need to be prioritized so that they can be effectively and efficiently addressed. This article presents a mixed-methodology proposal for impact prioritization in ESIA, divided into four phases: (1) creation of the stakeholders' platform; (2) identification and assessment of impacts; (3) impact categorization; and (4) impact assessment and prioritization using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA). This procedure was applied as an ex-post evaluation of a golf-based tourism project in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Huelva, Spain), but can also potentially be used to conduct ex-ante assessments. The main contribution of the study is in the design and testing of a parsimonious procedure, which condenses a large amount of qualitative information into relatively simple operations using MCDA. The process is grounded in the constructivist social impact assessment (SIA) paradigm through stakeholder evaluation of impacts and criteria.
This paper analyses the system of actors involved in the development of residential tourism on the north east coast of Brazil. The study observes the socio-political effects of the 2001-2008 real estate boom, focused on the promotion of second homes in closed residential areas. Stakeholder Analysis (SA) is used to identify the various actors' roles and positions within a particular social space in a tourist setting which is exposed to transnational and real estate interests. The method reveals an unequal and conflict-ridden social reality. The results show that residential tourism shapes the local socio-political configuration, strengthening some actors (urban developers, real estate companies) whilst positioning others in a situation of dependence (local communities, cities). Palabras clave ResumenEl presente artículo analiza el sistema de actores implicados en el desarrollo turístico-residencial en el destino turístico de Pipa, en la costa del nordeste brasileño. El estudio contempla los efectos sociopolíticos del boom inmobiliario (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008) orientado a la promoción de urbanizaciones cerradas de segunda residencia. Se utiliza el método de Análisis de Partes Interesadas (API) para identificar las distintas funciones y posiciones de los actores en un socioespacio turístico expuesto a intereses inmobiliarios y transnacionales. El método empleado revela una configuración social desigual y conflictiva. Los resultados muestran que el turismo residencial internacional modela la configuración sociopolítica local, fortaleciendo a unos actores (constructoras, inmobiliarias) y colocando a otros en situación de dependencia (poblaciones locales, municipios).
Early warning systems are an essential tool for managing flood emergencies. Alert and warning applications and mobile-phone messaging services have become increasingly widespread among major international emergency agencies as means of communicating risks to the population, and their effectiveness in reducing human and material damages during flood events is significant. Despite their crucial importance, one of the main challenges in the field of emergency communication is the lack of protocols for systematic and standardized production of warning messages. While emergency agencies produce messages on a diversity of topic areas, there are no protocols for structuring their content according to communication functions, exhaustive identification of the relevant areas of action, or classification of content according to different topics. With a view to this opportunity for improvement, the aim of this article is to propose a method for creating a catalog of warning messages enabling their systematic composition and organization. To exemplify the successive stages in the development of such a catalog, we present here the resources and methodological process followed by the authors of this article when commissioned with this task by the emergency services of the Valencian Autonomous Region (south-east Spain) for flood-risk communication. The warning message catalog was pilot tested with experts and user focus groups. Developing warning message catalogs offers a vital resource that can enhance the outreach and operability of warning systems in the current context of increased flood risk due to climate change.
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