Economic theory suggests that the use of more expensive low-sulphur fuel within an Emission Control Area (ECA) should result in lower vessel speeds. The objective of this paper is to investigate empirically, for the first time, whether the introduction of an ECA affects vessel speeds. We utilize a dataset of observed vessel speeds derived from the Automated Information System (AIS) for nearly 7,000 ECA boundary crossings over a three-year period. Our results suggest that introducing stricter sulphur regulations inside the North Sea ECA from 1. January 2015 did not affect vessel speeds once changes in macroeconomic conditions are accounted for.
<p>The European Plate Observing System (EPOS) has established a pan-European infrastructure for solid Earth science data, governed by EPOS ERIC (European Research Infrastructure Consortium). The EPOS-Norway project is funded by the Research Council of Norway (Project no. 245763). The aim of the Norwegian EPOS e&#8209;infrastructure is to integrate data from the Norwegian seismological and geodetic networks, as well as the data from the geological and geophysical data repositories.</p><p>We present the EPOS-Norway Portal as an online, open access, interactive tool, allowing visual analysis of multidimensional data. Currently it is providing access to more than 150 datasets (and growing) from four subdomains of Earth science in Norway. Those can be combined with your own data.</p><p>The EPOS-N Portal is implemented using Enlighten-web, a web program developed by NORCE. Enlighten-web facilitates interactive visual analysis of large multidimensional data sets. The Enlighten-web client runs inside a web browser. The user can create layouts consisting of one or more plots or views. Supported plot types are table views, scatter plots, vector plots, line plots and map views. For the map views the CESIUM framework is applied. Multiple scatter plots can be mapped on top of these map views.</p><p>An important element in the Enlighten-web functionality is brushing and linking, which is useful for exploring complex data sets to discover correlations and interesting properties hidden in the data. Brushing refers to interactively selecting a subset of the data. Linking involves two or more views on the same data sets, showing different attributes. The views are linked to each other, so that selecting a subset in one view automatically leads to the corresponding subsets being highlighted in all other linked views. If the updates in the linked plots are close to real-time while brushing, the user can perceive complex trends in the data by seeing how the selections in the linked plots vary depending on changes in the brushed subset. This interactivity requires GPU acceleration of the graphics rendering. In Enlighten-web, this is realized by using WebGL.</p><p>The EPOS-N Portal is accessing the external Granularity Database (GRDB) for metadata handling. Metadata can e.g. specify data sources, services, ownership, license information and data policy. Bar charts can be used for faceted search in metadata, e.g. search by categories. EPOS-N Portal can access remote datasets via web services. Relevant web services include FDSNWS for seismological data and OGC services for geological and geophysical data (e.g. WMS &#8211; Web Map Services). Standalone datasets are available through preloaded data files. Users can also simply add another WMS server or upload their own dataset for visualization.</p><p>Enlighten&#8211;web will also be adapted as a pilot ICS-D (Integrated Core Services - Distributed) for visualization in the European infrastructure. The EPOS ICS-C (Integrated Core Services - Central) is the entry point for users for accessing the e-Infrastructure under EPOS ERIC. ICS-C will let users create and manage workflows that usually include accessing data and services located in the EPOS Thematic Core Services (TCS).&#160; The ICS-C and TCSs will be extended with additional computing facilities through the ICS-D concept.</p>
Effective ocean management requires integrated and sustainable ocean observing systems enabling us to map and understand ecosystem properties and the effects of human activities. Autonomous subsurface and surface vehicles, here collectively referred to as “gliders”, are part of such ocean observing systems providing high spatiotemporal resolution. In this paper, we present some of the results achieved through the project “Unmanned ocean vehicles, a flexible and cost-efficient offshore monitoring and data management approach—GLIDER”. In this project, three autonomous surface and underwater vehicles were deployed along the Lofoten–Vesterålen (LoVe) shelf-slope-oceanic system, in Arctic Norway. The aim of this effort was to test whether gliders equipped with novel sensors could effectively perform ecosystem surveys by recording physical, biogeochemical, and biological data simultaneously. From March to September 2018, a period of high biological activity in the area, the gliders were able to record a set of environmental parameters, including temperature, salinity, and oxygen, map the spatiotemporal distribution of zooplankton, and record cetacean vocalizations and anthropogenic noise. A subset of these parameters was effectively employed in near-real-time data assimilative ocean circulation models, improving their local predictive skills. The results presented here demonstrate that autonomous gliders can be effective long-term, remote, noninvasive ecosystem monitoring and research platforms capable of operating in high-latitude marine ecosystems. Accordingly, these platforms can record high-quality baseline environmental data in areas where extractive activities are planned and provide much-needed information for operational and management purposes.
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