This article is republished from The Canadian Modern Language Review,60, 4, pp. 501–526. It is published as an article exchange between the MLJ and the CMLR. The articles for the exchange were selected by committees from the Editorial Board of each journal according to the following criteria: articles of particular relevance to international readers, especially those in the United States and Canada; and articles that are likely to provoke scholarly discussion among readers of the journal of their republication. The MLJ thanks Keiko Koda, chair, Michael Everson, Lourdes Ortega, and Ross Steele for their work selecting this CMLR article for republication in the MLJ. The MLJ article to appear in the CMLR, 61, 5, is: “Second Language Acquisition as Situated Practice: Task Accomplishment in the French Second Language Classroom,” by Lorenza Mondada and Simona Pekarek Doehler (MLJ, 88, 2004, pp. 501–518). The Editors of both journals hope their readers will find this sharing of scholarship interesting and beneficial. Using a framework based on conversation analysis (Auer, 1984, 1995, 1998), this article presents an analysis of learner code‐switching between first language (L1) and second language (L2) in an advanced foreign language (FL) classroom. It was found that students code‐switch not only as a fallback method when their knowledge of the L2 fails them, or for other participant‐related functions, but also for discourse‐related functions that contexualize the interactional meaning of their utterances. These uses strikingly resemble code‐switching patterns in non‐classroom bilingual settings and show that language learners are able to conceptualize the classroom as a bilingual space. Learners orient to the classroom as a community of practice (Wenger, 1998) through their code‐switching patterns as manifestations of a shared understanding about their actions and about themselves as members of that community.
This article is concerned with the ways in which the students and the teacher in a contentbased German as a foreign language class used repair in order to negotiate meaning and form in their classroom. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches, we discuss how repair in this institutional setting differed from repair in mundane conversation and how repair was used differently by the students and the teacher. Given that students and the teacher were all competent speakers of both the first language (L1) and the second language (L2), we found that these differences were not merely indications of incomplete L2 usage. Instead, they manifested how the students and the teacher enacted and perceived their respective roles within the classroom and, based on role concepts, demonstrated different access to repair as a resource. The analysis shows that repair is a resource for modified output as well as modified input in classroom settings. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
This paper discusses the observation of language attitudes in interaction and argues that these approaches provide invaluable insights for the study of language attitudes. In the first half of the paper, the three different kinds of discourse-based methods of analysis that scholars have used to analyse language attitudes (content-based approaches, turn-internal semantic and pragmatic approaches, and interactional approaches) are discussed. In the second half, then, the third of these approaches is used to illustrate such an analysis with four stretches of conversation in different contexts. In the end, the argument is put forward that discourse-based approaches in general and interactional approaches in particular should be viewed as at least as fundamental to language attitude research as more commonly used quantitative methods of analysis, since the former can provide the researcher with insights that the latter do not. KEYWORDS:Language attitudes, interaction, ideology, sociolinguistic methods • the difficulty in applying these findings to real-life situations; • the suppression of variability in the findings; • the separation of the attitude from the language and its speakers; • the pressure on participants to respond along a scale that has been worked out by researchers; and finally • the fact that different participants may well mean different things by, for example, checking off a point along a semantic-differential scale.
Using a framework based on conversation analysis (Auer, 1984, 1995, 1998), this article presents an analysis of learner code-switching between L1 and L2 in an advanced foreign language (FL) classroom. It was found that students code-switch not only as a fallback method when their knowledge of the L2 fails them, or for other participant-related functions, but also for discourse-related functions that contexualize the interactional meaning of their utterances. These uses strikingly resemble code-switching patterns in non-classroom bilingual settings and show that language learners are able to conceptualize the classroom as a bilingual space. Learners orient to the classroom as a community of practice (Wenger, 1998) through their code-switching patterns as manifestations of a shared understanding about their actions and about themselves as members of that community.
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