BackgroundA temperature monitor is used to objectively measure brace wear time in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The reliability of this device have been demonstrated, and some specialists introduced the use of a compliance monitor as a standard of care in everyday clinical practice, as we did since 2010 with the Thermobrace (TB). The attitude towards these objective monitors has never been investigated.The present study aims to investigate the attitude of parents and patients towards the use of temperature sensors for measuring brace wear compliance.MethodsThree hundred one consecutive girls and 63 boys and their parents have been interviewed. The inclusion criteria were as follows: brace wear full-time prescription at first visit and at least one visit with download and discussion of TB data.Usefulness, acceptability, reliability, and feeling related to data download were the investigated domains. Patients were invited by the administrative staff to complete anonymously the questionnaire. The European Commission was informed about the present survey and approved it (ICT-37-2015-1). Descriptive statistic was used to present the results.ResultsAmong the 364 invited patients and parents, 336 adhered by completing it (rate of responders was 93.2%). The mean age was 14.65 (SD 2.36), the mean Cobb angle was 34.18 (SD 13.57), and the average brace wear prescription was 21.76 h per day (SD 2.53). We did not ask parents about their age, profession, nor other personal data.Globally, the interviewed patients and parents showed a very positive attitude towards the TB monitor: the mean rate of parents stating a completely or at least partially positive attitude towards this electronic device was 94.0% while among patients, it was 85.6%.ConclusionsThis is the first study investigating the attitude of parents and patients towards a brace wear compliance monitor. People who experienced this objective monitoring are aware of the advantages related to it and support its usefulness not only for clinicians but also for patients and parents to respect the hours prescribed without any affection on the children and parents or the patient-physician relationship. The present results should encourage the spread of these tools in daily clinical practice.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13013-017-0119-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The diesel engine injection system is greatly responsible for the emission of pollutants to the atmosphere, noise generation, and engine performance. Proper synchronization of the exact amount of fuel that can be burnt according to each crankshaft position is essential to achieve maximum power, consumption economy, and combustion without residues. In this sense, when designing an injection system, all of these factors must be taken into account. During the optimization, however, the improvement of some of them may result in detriment to others. For this reason, to achieve the system optimization, the relationship between the aforementioned variables and the parameters that characterize the injection must be established. According to this, it is important to design a strategy that allows the named “reverse modeling of the injection system”, that is to say, to determine the injection system dimensions according to the system requirements. In the present work, an iterative computer model based on the continuity and energy equations, solved by finite differences algorithms, has been proposed. This model has been designed for a Bosch rotary pump and makes it possible to plot the performance of the pressure lines in the different combustion chambers, the valve lift curves, and the fuel flow injected per cylinder and cycle. In this sense, we can conclude that the proposed computer model predicts accurately the opening and closing processes in the injector needle, as well as the pressure curves in the last division of the high-pressure tube.
IntroductionRecently the EOS imaging system (EOS Imaging, Paris, France) has provided advancements in 3D spinal modeling. Advancements include low radiation as well as fast and accurate reconstructed measurements of spinal parameters. There is a paucity of studies analyzing the reproducibility of the EOS Imaging System and the sterEOS software in the production of 3D spinal models for children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Objectives The purposes of the study were 1) to determine the intraclass correlation (ICC) for both the inter-observer and intra-observer in the measurements of Cobb angles in AP view as well as the Cobb angles in the lateral view; 2) to assess the ICC for inter-and intra-observer in the axial vertebral rotation (AVR) of the apex vertebra; 3) to compare differences of spinal parameters between two examiners and two trials; 4) to determine how long a 3D reconstruction of the spine takes. Methods Bilateral x-ray images of fifteen patients (age: 6 -15 years old, 5 males, 10 females) were retrospectively selected. These EOS images were uploaded into the sterEOS computer program. Within the software, spinal and pelvic parameters were identified manually to construct a 3D model of the spine. The sterEOS software calculates the Cobb angles, angles of lordosis, angles of kyphosis, and the AVRs of the apex vertebra. The 3D modeling was performed independently by two examiners. Each examiner modeled each patient's spine in two spaced out trials. The ICC between inter-and intra-observers were calculated and compared statistically. Results and discussionBoth the inter-and intra-observers showed excellent reproducibility for the Cobb angles in the proximal segment (ICC: 0.72 -0.91), kyphosis (ICC: 0.85-0.92), and lordosis (ICC: 0.82 -0.95). No significant differences were found between angle differences (0.35°to 2.4°). In contrast to the traditional radiography, the sterEOS provides a better high quality view within the sagittal plane. A moderate inter-observer ICC for the Cobb angle in the distal segment (ICC = 0.67) indicates the examiners have to carefully adjust the alignment and vertebrae in 3D rather than in 2D following the automatic computation from the EOS software. The interobserver ICC for the AVR in the lumbar region (0.80) is higher than the thoracic or thoracolumbar region (0.65), but with high differences of AVR (4.0°-6.3°). The average time that two examiners spent per subject ranged from 34.6 to 37.4 minutes. Conclusion and significance EOS provides significantly reliable and accurate spinal modeling in the measurement of children with AIS. Exposure to less radiation as compared to other radiographic modality allows EOS to offer acceptable quality view of the spine in the sagittal and transversal plane. sagittal balance and predictive equations to determine lumbopelvic compensatory patterns (LPCP). These equations are used to guide surgical decision making and technique selection. Although other lumbopelvic compensation equations are available, these have not been compared wi...
La evolución urbana de Orihuela ha venido marcada por un progresivo desplazamiento desde su primitiva ubicación de carácter defensivo en el Monte San Miguel hasta ir ocupando las tierras ribereñas del río Segura, cuyo cauce ha definido hasta fechas muy cercanas su desarrollo urbano. El estudio determina los elementos y circunstancias que han condicionado el proceso de formación urbana desde el siglo XIV hasta nuestros días y sus tendencias expansivas, a través del análisis de la documentación histórica disponible, tanto gráfica como bibliográfica, ofreciendo así una síntesis de la evolución histórica de la ciudad.
RESUMENEl municipio de Catral es un ejemplo paradigmático en la Huerta histórica del Segura. Este territorio muestra las consecuencias del proceso de mutación del paisaje agrario debido a un cambio en el modelo socioeconómico, que utiliza el recurso suelo para implantar el uso turístico-residencial, incentivado desde la legislación urbanística y una laxitud administrativa en el control de la aplicación de la misma. Este caso de estudio ofrece un patrón de transformación que ha evolucionado desde el respeto al medio y conocimiento secular de las características del lugar de los primigenios asentamientos compactos, a una colonización dispersa, carente de estructura formal e integración sobre el espacio en el que se desarrolla.Palabras clave: Catral, cambio paisajístico, regadío histórico, fragmentación Huerta, atomización urbano-industrial.
El sector objeto de este estudio coincide con el tramo final de la llanura aluvial del río Segura, ocupada por terrenos cuaternarios, y la parte Sur de la sierra del Molar, de edad neógena. Se trata de un ejemplo de zona pantanosa cerrada al mar por restinga y que hasta épocas recientes formó parte de un conjunto lagunar más amplio, prolongado hacia el Oeste y Norte por la laguna del Hondo, los saladares de Albatera y la Albufera de Elche 1 . La escasa pendiente de la zona y los aportes del Segura justifican su avenamiento precario. El río forma un delta interior, antigua albufera, que avanza hacia el mar dando origen a una costa rectilínea 2 . El área pantanosa existe, al menos, desde el 4.000 B. P., momento en que los ríos Segura y Vinalopó entran de nuevo en funcionamiento y aportan aguas dulces que desplazan a las saladas existentes hasta entonces 3 . No parece sin embargo que el carácter pantanoso fuese un factor hostil para el establecimiento poblacional si se atiende a la existencia de dos poblados ibéricos (La Escuera y Cabezo Lucero), sobre las formaciones neógenas que flanquean por el Norte y Sur este tramo de valle aluvial.La acción antrópica reciente, plasmada en la construcción de una densa red de canales y acequias de avenamiento y regadío, ha sido la causa de una importante transformación del paisaje natural en esta zona. [144]
El proceso de degradación que ha sufrido la Huerta del Bajo Segura en las últimas décadas ha tenido como consecuencia fundamental la pérdida, en algunos casos irremediable, del rico patrimonio cultural que definía a la sociedad huertana. La crisis de la agricultura y la especulación inmobiliaria derivada del turismo residencial, provocaron un acelerado deterioro, tanto del marco territorial tradicional, como de los usos y costumbres seculares inherentes a él. La preocupante y generalizada destrucción patrimonial ha motivado acciones, para la salvaguarda y puesta en valor de los bienes etnográficos, desde distintas instituciones y asociaciones, aunque con irregular y escaso respaldo popular. Los proyectos museográficos desarrollados, en ocasiones, presentan dudosa metodología y cuestionable resultado, o desvirtúan la comprensión de la diversidad social que ha caracterizado a la Huerta. Al presentar un discurso parcial, sustentado en una sesgada cultura material e inmaterial, se conforma un estereotipo folklórico que lejos de fomentar la sensibilización de la población puede, incluso, provocar el rechazo. Estos hechos motivan las siguientes páginas, cuya finalidad es identificar la problemática en el tratamiento actual del patrimonio etnológico y proponer algunas actuaciones de carácter integral que garanticen la transmisión de este legado a las generaciones futuras.
Las norias o ruedas hidráulicas han jugado un papel fundamental en los paisajes de regadío tradicional, al permitir la ampliación de las áreas de cultivo y vertebrar la estructura del territorio. Constituyen así parte del patrimonio cultural del espacio mediterráneo. Sin embargo, muchos de estos ingenios dejaron de funcionar durante el siglo XX, presentando hoy un estado de abandono y ruina. En el regadío deficitario del río Mula, perteneciente a la Cuenca del Segura, se ubicaba en las inmediaciones de la población de Albudeite (Región de Murcia) un sistema singular compuesto por norias y balsas adaptado a la escasez de recursos hídricos y a las características geográficas de la zona, donde predomina un clima semiárido.El estudio geográfico de carácter rural permite comprobar la singularidad de este sistema de gestión de agua en el Levante español, así como el valor que estas construcciones tuvieron en la ampliación del espacio cultivable. En este caso, sería necesario tomar medidas de atención y salvaguarda sobre la red de distribución hídrica en particular y del paisaje en general para proteger este regadío histórico del Sureste de España.
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