Findings show that the fight against violence in young women should consider individual characteristics, childhood experiences of abuse and also structural interventions including reduction of alcohol consumption and improvement in the education-related indicators.

Objective-To analyse diVerences in health by educational level in Spanish adults by comparing the health dimensions of the SF-36 Heath Survey. Design-Data were taken from the National Survey on Drug Use carried out in February 1996. The information was collected by home personal interview. In addition to measuring the use of legal and illegal drugs and their associated health risks, the health status of the Spanish population was analysed using the Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey. Main outcome measure-Absolute and standardised diVerences between mean score on each dimension of the SF-36 Health Survey in each educational group with respect to the group with the highest educational level. Results-Perceived health status declines with decreasing educational level, except in women with second level education who have a higher mean rating than women with third level education on various health dimensions. The absolute diVerences in perceived health between the different categories of educational level and the reference category become larger with increasing age. The greatest diVerences by educational level in both men and women were found in mental health and general health among persons 25 to 44 years of age, and in physical function and general health among those 45 to 64 years. In persons aged 65 or older, the greatest diVerences are seen in physical function and vitality in men, and in bodily pain and emotional role in women. Conclusions-The influence of educational level on the diVerent dimensions of perceived health may vary by sex. (J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:75-82)

Our findings suggest that the post-2008 Spanish crisis had a heterogeneous impact across sociodemographic subgroups on DAA mortality, and that employment status seemed to have an important effect. The impact was especially unfavourable on the non-employed, particularly those with substantial material wealth.