The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) between patients with and without periodontitis. Methods: Clinical periodontal parameters were measured at six sites per tooth in seventy-five subjects with periodontitis and in thirty-five periodontally healthy subjects. The following periodontal parameters were evaluated: the L?e-Sillness gingival index (0 - 3), the Sillness-L?e dental plaque index (0 - 3), the probing depth (mm), the clinical attachment level (mm), the bleeding index and the tooth mobility index. The laboratory parameters that were included in this study were the levels of hs-CRP, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, which were all assessed via Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). Inter-group significance was determined with the statistical package R; specifically, we used the Student’s t-test, x2-test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: Concentrations of hs-CRP, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were lower in the control group than in the periodontal disease group. The concentrations of each protein (control group vs. periodontal disease group) were as follows: hs-CRP (0.5 ± 0.6 vs. 2.5 ± 2.6, respectively), IL-1β (2.1 ± 2.2 vs. 7.0 ± 11.6, respectively), IL-6 (1.9 ± 1.6 vs. 3.7 ± 4.4, respectively) and TNF-α (64.6 ± 72.3 vs. 80.0 ± 73.1, respectively). The differences between the groups showed statistical significance at p < 0.05. Conclusions: Periodontal disease was associated with increased circulating concentrations of hs-CRP, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α.
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium that infects from 30% to 50% of the world’s population and it is one of the most important in dyspeptic syndrome causes of gastritis and peptic ulcer. H. pylori is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections especially in the development countries because the socioeconomic contribute to chronic disease. The infection induces an acute polymorphonuclear infiltration in the gastric mucosa. Infection with H. pylori has been epidemiologically linked to some extra digestive conditions, including ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and others. The patients with DM are at risk for H. pylori infection, since they have coupled susceptibility of to a wide range of infections as a result of chronic elevation of blood glucose level and impairment of immune functions. Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, because inflammation, vascular injury and thrombosis are considered to cause atherosclerosis. The risk of cardiovascular events is associated with increased levels of the acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a major pro-inflammatory cytokine is produced in a variety of tissues, including activated leukocytes, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. CRP is the principal downstream mediator of the acute phase response and is primarily derived through IL-6-dependent hepatic biosynthesis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as an important inflammatory factor, has been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. CRP and IL-6 were determinant of risk for the development of type 2 DM in apparently healthy middle-aged women. Since the prevalence of infected persons with H. pylori in Kosovo is high, the aim of this study was the evaluation of cytokines (IL1, TNF-α) and CRP in diabetic type 2 patients with positive H. pylori.
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