Elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in periodontitis patients in Kosovo: A pilot study

Abstract

<p> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;">The aim of this study was to compare the serum levels of high-sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1<i>β</i>), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-<i>α</i>) between patients with and without periodontitis. Methods: Clinical periodontal parameters were measured at six sites per tooth in seventy-five subjects with periodontitis and in thirty-five periodontally healthy subjects. The following periodontal parameters were evaluated: the L<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""><span style="white-space:nowrap;">?</span></span>e-Sillness gingival index (0 - 3), the Sillness-L<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:""><span style="white-space:nowrap;">?</span></span>e dental plaque index (0 - 3), the probing depth (mm), the clinical attachment level (mm), the bleeding index and the tooth mobility index. The laboratory parameters that were included in this study were the levels of hs-CRP, IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-6 and TNF-<i>α</i>, which were all assessed via </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> (ELISA). Inter-group significance was determined with the statistical package R; specifically, we used the Student’s t-test, x²-test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: Concentrations of hs-CRP, IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-6 and TNF-<i>α</i> were lower in the control group than in the periodontal disease group. The concentrations of each protein (control group vs. periodontal disease group) were as follows: hs-CRP (0.5 ± 0.6 vs. 2.5 ± 2.6, respectively), IL-1<i>β</i> (2.1 ± 2.2 vs. 7.0 ± 11.6, respectively), IL-6 (1.9 ± 1.6 vs. 3.7 ± 4.4, respectively) and TNF-<i>α</i> (64.6 ± 72.3 vs. 80.0 ± 73.1, respectively). The differences between the groups showed statistical significance at p < 0.05. Conclusions: Periodontal disease was associated with increased circulating concentrations of hs-CRP, IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-6 and TNF-<i>α</i>.</span> </p

Interrelationship between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Thus, recent studies have been focusing on finding the mechanism of this relationship. Many studies demonstrated the relationship between periodontitis and increment of the inflammatory markers (hs-CRP, IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) 28,29 and some reported the association between periodontitis and clinical signs and symptoms of CVD as clinical outcomes. 28,30,31 The concept about infectious induced atherosclerosis is projected.…”

“…36 These cytokines [prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2 ), TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, adhesion molecules and MMPs] promote local tissue inflammation, resulting in progressive endothelial dysfunction, recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells (mainly macrophages and lymphocytes), which lead to surrounding periodontal tissue inflammation and destruction. These cytokines also enter the bloodstream, thereby raising the level of circulating inflammatory substances 29 and trigger systemic inflammation. With continuous growth of bacteria, repetitive activation of inflammation occurs, and the host body inevitably encounters high level of inflammatory cytokines and remains in a chronic inflammatory state.…”

Role of Platelet-rich fibrin in non-surgical treatment of periodontal pockets

“…In the presence of susceptibility to periodontal disease due to systemic conditions, the role of bacterial plaque is debated. It has been considered that periodontal disease cannot be induced without the presence of plaque and suggest that a systemic predisposition simply accelerates the destruction caused by bacterial agents (2) . Acquired and genetic factors influence progression and clinical characteristics of the plaque-induced inflammatory periodontal diseases and can modify susceptibility to infection (3) .…”