The Melbourne D ecision M aking Questionnaire (M ann, Burnett, Radford, & Ford, 1997) measures selfrepo rted decision-making coping patterns. The questionnaire was administered to samples of University students in the US (N = 475), Australia (N = 262), New Zealand (N = 260), Japan (N = 359), Hong Kong (N = 281), and Taiwan (N = 414). As predicted, students from the three Western, individualistic cultures (US, Australia, and New Zea land) were more con® dent of their decision-making ability than students from the three East Asian, group-oriented cultures (Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan). No cross-cultural differences were found in scores on decision vigilance (a careful decision-making style). However, com pared with Western students, the A sian students tended to score higher on buck-passing and procra stination (avoidant styles of decision making) as well as hypervigilance (a panicky style of decision making). Japanese students scored lowest on decision self-esteem and highest on procrastination and hypervigilance. It was argued that the con¯ict model and its attendant coping patterns is relevant for describing and com paring decision making in both Western and Asian cultures. Le questionnaire Melbourne Decision M aking Questionnaire (Mann, Radford & Ford, 1997) mesure l' auto-e  valuation des strate  gies d' ajustement dans la prise de de cision. Le questionnaire est administre  a Á des groups d' e tudiants universitaires des E  tats-Unis (N = 475), d' Australie (N = 262) de N ouvelle-Ze  lande (N = 260), du Japon (N = 359), de H ong Kong (N = 281) et de Taiwan (N = 414). Com me pre  dit, INT ERNAT IO NA L JOU RNA L OF PSYCH OLOG Y, 1998, 33 (5), 325± 335 Requests for reprints should be addressed to Leon M ann, M elbourn e Business School, .a u). The research reported in this paper was supported by a grant to Leon M ann from the Australian Research Council. We gratefully acknow ledge the helpful comm ents on the m anuscript by Yoshi Kashim a. q 1998 International Union of Psychologica l Sciences 32 6 M ANN ET AL.les e  tudiants des trois cultures occidentales individualistes (E  tats-Unis, Australie et Nouvelle-Ze  lande) montrent une plus grande con® ance dans leur habilete  a Á prendre des de  cision que les e  tudiants des trois cultures asiatiques centre  es sur le grou ps (Japan, H ong Kong et Taiwan). Il n' y a aucune diffe  rence interculturelle dans les scores de vigilance de  cisionnelle (un style prudent de prise de de  cision). Cependa nt, par comparaison avec les e  tudiants occidentaux, les e  tudiants asiatiques ont tendance a Á avoir des scores sup e  rieurs pour le transfert de responsabilite  et la procras tination (style de prise de de  cision base  sur l' e  vitement) ainsi que pour l' hyp ervigilance (un style de prise de de cision base  sur la panique). Les e  tudiants japonais pre  sentent les scores d' estime de soi les plus bas et les scores de procrastination et d' hypervigilance les plus e  leve  s. La discussion soutient que le mode Á le con¯ictuel et les str...

Kcw psychological reports of ex])criments using ANOVA designs include estimates of variance components. Such estimates have various uses, including that of assessing the strength of experimental effects, rather than stopping short with the calculation of a significance level. The present paper is devoted to encouraging this additional analysis of data by providing computational formulas appropriate to estimating the strength of effects in basic one-way, two-way, and three-way ANOVA designs. Issues which develop when such estimation is attempted in repeatedmeasures designs are examined, and limitations to attempting such analysis in respect of specific treatment levels (and contrasts) are indicated.

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Twelve hundred Maori and Pakeha (White, European)

RESUMO. As últimas projeções demográficas e econômicas apontam para um número cada vez maior de aposentados no mundo inteiro. A aposentadoria revelou-se como um dos maiores desafios da atualidade. Entretanto, são raros os estudos sobre as atitudes dos trabalhadores diante desta transição. Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as atitudes de 517 executivos de grandes organizações no Brasil e na Nova Zelândia, avaliadas pela importância dada aos ganhos e às perdas esperadas na aposentadoria. Foram construídas as escalas de importância de ganhos (EPGR) e de importância de perdas (EPLR), que representaram, respectivamente, as atitudes positivas e negativas diante da aposentadoria. Em geral, os executivos dos dois países estavam otimistas acerca da aposentadoria e foram unânimes em avaliar o tempo para os relacionamentos (cônjuge, filhos, amigos e pais) como o ganho mais importante, bem como os salários e benefícios do cargo, como a perda mais importante nesta transição.Palavras-chave: aposentadoria, atitude, executivos. GAINS AND LOSSES: ATTITUDES OF BRAZILIAN AND NEW ZEALAND EXECUTIVES TOWARDS RETIREMENTABSTRACT. The last demographic and economical projections have pointed towards an increasing number of retirees all over the world. However, few studies have been conducted to analyze how workers perceive the process of retirement. This research examined 517 top executives from large organizations in Brazil and New Zealand. The result of importance scales of expected gains (EPGR) and losses (EPLR) are provided. In fact, they acknowledged respectively the positive and negative attitudes towards retirement. In general, executives were optimistic towards retirement and unanimous on evaluating more time for relationships (partner, children, friends and parents) as the most important gain. At the same time, they evaluate the loss of income and benefits subscale as the most important loss in retirement.

Groups of active churchmembers and non-churchmemhers were examined for personality changes over a five-year period. Personality assessment was obtained through use of the Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PF) questionnaire. Results indicated that at both testing times the active churchmember group was significantly and consistently different on several personality dimensions. Specifically the active churchmembers tended to be more tender-minded, higher in super ego strength, lower in dominance, and more conservative than the non-churchmember group. Over the fiveyear period only the active churchmember group decreased significantly in guilt proneness and anxiet y. These results were found to be consistent with other researches in the area and possible implications are suggested.

It is customary for modern social psychology textbooks to claim that experimental social psychology began in 1898, the year in which Norman Triplett published the results of his investigation into the dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. An historical enquiry shows this claim to be quite without foundation, and it is postulated that the Triplett experiment functions as an “origin myth” which is sustained by inductivist approaches to the history of psychology. Early experimental studies of suggestion are here examined in order to demonstrate the difficulties involved in tracing the origins of experimental social psychology.