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This article addresses the problem of the tissue type parameter estimation in brain MRI in the presence of partial volume effects. Automatic MRI brain tissue classification is hampered by partial volume effects that are caused by the finite resolution of the acquisition process. Due to this effect intensity distributions in brain MRI cannot be well modeled by a simple mixture of Gaussians and therefore more complex models have been developed. Unfortunately, these models do not seem to be robust enough for clinical conditions, as the quality of the tissue classification decreases rapidly with the image quality. Also, the application of these methods for pathological images with unmodeled intensities (e.g. MS plaques, tumors, etc.) remains uncertain. In the present work a new robust method for brain tissue characterization is presented, treating the partial volume affected voxels as outliers of the pure tissue distributions. The proposed method estimates the tissue characteristics from a reduced set of intensities belonging to a particular pure tissue class. This reduced set is selected by using a trimming procedure based on local gradient information and distributional data. This feature makes the method highly tolerant of a large amount of unexpected intensities without degrading its performance. The proposed method has been evaluated using both In medical imaging a single voxel may be composed of a mixture of tissue types due to the finite spatial resolution of imaging devices. This phenomenon is known as the partial volume effect (PVE) and it is mainly observable at tissue type boundaries. PVE is an important factor in the study of small brain structures or highly convoluted brain regions such as those within the cerebral cortex. In fact, ignoring this effect can lead to volume measurement errors in the range of 20 -60% (1). In addition to complicating MRI-based morphometry, PVE causes severe difficulties in modeling intensities of different tissue types. For example, modeling the histogram by a simple mixture of Gaussians (MoG) does not work properly because a large part of the voxels is affected by PVE. These complications have motivated the development of more realistic intensity models and parameter estimation schemes taking the PVE into account.Most of the PVE modeling methods model both pure tissue and mixed voxels using different intensity distributions. One of the first attempts to statistical partial volume (PV) modeling was proposed by Santago and Gage (2). They modeled pure tissues assuming equal variance Gaussian distributions (motivated by the MR physics) while PV voxel intensities followed a different distribution derived based on the parameters of the pure distributions. Laidlaw et al. (3) used a similar model but incorporated a more complex method that took into account neighborhood voxels. Ruan et al. (4) concluded that PV voxels can be generally modeled by using Gaussian distributions. However, this approach has the drawback of not being able to compute PV fractions, since there is no explici...

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The presence of LS-OCMB in the first event suggestive of demyelination is related to an early increase in lesion load and brain atrophy. These data are in line with prospective studies showing the clinical prognostic value of LS-OCMB.

The aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) remains unknown, but there is growing support for the possibility of an underlying neurological disorder. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can characterize the abnormal activation of the sensorimotor brain network in movement disorders and could provide further insights into the neuropathogenesis of IS. Twenty subjects were included in the study; 10 adolescents with IS (mean age of 15.2, 8 girls and 2 boys) and 10 age-matched healthy controls. The average Cobb angle of the primary curve in the IS patients was 35° (range 27°-55°). All participants underwent a block-design fMRI experiment in a 1.5-Tesla MRI scanner to explore cortical activation following a simple motor task. Rest periods alternated with activation periods during which participants were required to open and close their hand at an internally paced rate of approximately 1 Hz. Data were analyzed with Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM5) including age, sex and laterality as nuisance variables to minimise the presence of bias in the results. Compared to controls, IS patients showed significant increases in blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activity in contralateral supplementary motor area when performing the motor task with either hand. No significant differences were observed when testing between groups in the functional activation in the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex and somatosensory cortex. Additionally, the IS group showed a greater interhemispheric asymmetry index than the control group (0.30 vs. 0.13, p < 0.001). This study demonstrates an abnormal pattern of brain activation in secondary motor areas during movement execution in patients with IS. These findings support the hypothesis that a sensorimotor integration disorder underlies the pathogenesis of IS.