Appraisal of groundwater fitness to drinking, agricultural, and domestic purposes was attempted within the Thiruvallur district of South India since groundwater is the significant sources for the above utilities. Groundwater samples collected from a sum of 110 locations have to be analyzed for major concentrations of which higher values of total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride (Cl−), and sodium (Na+) ions were noted during pre-monsoon (PRM) specifically besides the east along with the southeastern part of the study region and higher calcium (Ca2+) and nitrate (NO3−) values disseminated besides the central and eastern parts of the study region during the post-monsoon (POM) season. Suitability of water quality depends upon total dissolved solids; Water Quality Index (WQI) suggests 70% and 62% of the study area representing hard and sedimentary formations are appropriate for consumption utilities. Irrigation aptness of water for utility suggests the majority of study area is suitable in view of electrical conductance, sodium adsorption ratio, USSL plot, Na%, Wilcox’s plot, Kelly’s ratio, and Doneen’s plot. Dominant hydrochemical facies were observed to be Na-Cl, mixed Ca-Mg-Cl, and Ca-HCO3, and parameters like Na+, Ca2+, HCO3−, Cl−, and NO3− ions have been observed to be higher in the central region next to the east and may be appropriate to influence geogenic, anthropogenic, and seawater encroachment.
Polypyrrole (PPy) was prepared with various weight loadings of acetic acid (10, 30 and 50 wt.%) over chemical oxidative polymerization. The structural and electrical properties of the prepared samples were characterized by XRD and electrical analysis. The charge transport mechanism of PPy was executed by Keithley (6517B) equipment performed between a voltage of 1 to 10 V by the increment of 1 V. The current over capacitor as a role of the applied voltage was carried out from 303 to 403 K temperature range. The XRD result confirms the amorphous nature of PPy. The charge transport process of PPy was deliberated by Mott’s variable-range hopping (VRH) through the conductivities and they found using various weight loadings of acetic acid. The conductivity (σdc) was found to increase with the temperature increase, which indicates the semiconducting nature and the conductivity value calculated was 10− 9 to 10− 7 S/cm for various weight loadings of acetic acid. The I-V study outcomes the linear behavior and the semiconducting nature of PPy, and the study was completed by the explanation of the Poole-Frenkel type conduction mechanism, ln (J) vs. T plots in PPy samples at high fields. It concludes that the comparison of theoretical field-lowering coefficients βS and βPF and the experimental field-lowering coefficients βS and βPF were correlated and the result confirms the Poole-Frenkel type conduction mechanism in PPy. The activation energy diminishes from 1.22 to 1.07 eV with an increase of acetic acid weight percentage.
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