The 8-parameter multiplicative model performed the best in the study and therefore was used to generate the EQ-5D-5L value set for China. We recommend using rescaled values whereby 1 represents the value of instrument-defined full health in economic evaluation of health technologies in China whenever the EQ-5D-5L data are available.

The purpose of this article is to extend the existing research on the relationship between eight different types of marketing capability and social enterprise performance. More specifically, we examine third sector organizations that have transformed their traditional business model to become more business-like social enterprises and how these marketing capabilities influence the success of this transformation in both the UK and Japan. We identify, among other things, that not all marketing capabilities are positively associated with social enterprise performance. These findings challenge the conventional wisdom that market-driven organizations must develop all types of marketing capability. We suggest that social entrepreneurs should develop their marketing capabilities selectively according to their specific performance objectives.

BackgroundTo generate Chinese population norms for the EQ-5D-5L dimensions, EQ-VAS (Visual Analogue Scale) scores and EQ-5D-5L index scores, stratified by gender and age. The EQ-5D is a widely used generic health-related quality of life instrument to describe population health and health outcomes in clinical trials and health economic evaluations. Currently, there are no EQ-5D-5L population norms for China.MethodsThis norm study utilized the data collected in an EQ-5D-5L valuation study in China between December 2012 and January 2013. In the valuation study, respondents were asked to report their own health states using the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and the EQ-VAS. Respondents’ demographic information was also collected. The EQ index score was calculated using the EQ-5D-5L value set based on the Chinese urban population. Norm scores were reported by important demographic variables.ResultsThe mean EQ-VAS scores ranged between 88.3 for males of < 19 years and 82.9 for females of 60–69 years. Contrary to other population studies, females reported higher EQ-VAS scores than males in every age group except for 20–29 years. The mean EQ-5D-5L index values ranged from 0.912 for females of > 70 years to 0.971 for females of 30–39 years. Respondents reported more problems in the dimensions ‘pain/discomfort’ and ‘anxiety/depression’ than in the dimensions ‘mobility’, ‘self-care’ and ‘usual activities’ in all age groups.ConclusionsThe population norm scores for the EQ-5D can be used as reference values for comparative purposes in future Chinese studies. Further research into rural and/or a more representative population is warranted.

http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/nvsq Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 2 commercial performance can help to improve SEs' social performance because the revenue generated by commercial activities can be used to improve SEs' social activities. On the other hand, researchers argue that uncertainty within the context of business activities may create structural tension, leading to the underachievement of both the commercial and social objectives (Foster & Bradach, 2005; Weisbrod, 2004). Since each side provides valid propositions, we investigate how the potential effects of one aspect of practice (i.e. social and commercial) positively moderate the impact of SO behavior in another. Thirdly, we answer the call from scholars regarding the urgent need to conduct a large scale quantitative data analysis of SEs (e.g. Dacin, Dacin, & Tracey, 2011). THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Brief summary of SE researches The pursuit of transforming a traditional third sector organization into a more commercialized entity-an SE-has become increasingly popular over the last decade, due to the strong economic and political forces encouraging traditional third sector organizations to seek financial independence (Coombes, Morris, Allen, & Webb, 2011; Dacin et al., 2011). Recent studies on SEs can be divided into three major streams of literature. The first emphasizes the definition of SEs' concept and domain (e.g. Austin, 2000; Mair & Marti, 2006), and debates what they are and what constitutes SE practice. The second research stream studies the SE business model (e.g. Cooney, 2011; e.g. Foster & Bradach, 2005; Weisbrod, 2004), focusing on investigating the uniqueness of the SE hybrid business model that combines both the commercial and social aspects of business operations, highlighting the structural tensions of the model and the legitimacy of SEs' commercial involvement, and developing managerial implications regarding SEs' operation. Finally, the third stream of studies documents the impact on performance when SEs adopt strategic marketing or

cause-related marketing, resource-based view, resource-dependence theory, legitimacy, social alliance, corporate social responsibility,

BackgroundLifestyle and dietary changes reflect an ongoing epidemiological transition in China, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) playing an ever-increasing role in China’s disease burden. This study assessed the burden of CVD and the potential value of lipid and blood pressure control strategies in China.MethodsWe estimated the likely burden of CVD between 2016 and 2030 and how expanded use of lipid lowering and blood pressure control medication would impact that burden in the next 15 years. Accounting for the costs of drug use, we assessed the net social value of a policy that expands the utilization of lipid and blood pressure lowering therapies in China.ResultsRises in prevalence of CVD risk and population aging would likely increase the incidence of acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs) by 75 million and strokes by 118 million, while the number of CVD deaths would rise by 39 million in total between 2016 and 2030. Universal treatment of hypertension and dyslipidemia patients with lipid and blood pressure lowering therapies could avert between 10 and 20 million AMIs, between 8 and 30 million strokes, and between 3 and 10 million CVD deaths during the 2016–2030 period, producing a positive social value net of health care costs as high as $932 billion.ConclusionsIn light of its aging population and epidemiological transition, China faces near-certain increases in CVD morbidity and mortality. Preventative measures such as effective lipid and blood pressure management may reduce CVD burden substantially and provide large social value. While the Chinese government is implementing more systematic approaches to health care delivery, prevention of CVD should be high on the agenda.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1420-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Health insurance status was not associated with children's overall ED use or children's ED use for nonurgent problems at the national level. Our findings suggest that policy efforts in an attempt to relieve ED overcrowding conditions should look for measures beyond solely making changes in health insurance coverage for children.