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The electronic effects in the (diimine)Pd-(II)-catalysed aerobic oxidation of alcohols were investigated from the viewpoint of both the catalyst and the alcohol. A −push±pull× mechanism is operative, where both electron-donating substituents on the benzyl alcohol (1 À 0.58) and electron-withdrawing groups on the 4,4'-disubstituted-2,2'-bipyridine ligand (1 0.18) increase the reaction rate. The results indicate partial reduction of the palladium centre in the transition state of the rate-limiting step.

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