Background: Successful solving of riddles requires knowledge of language, auditory recognition of meaning of words, preserved attention, concentration, short-term memory, perception of speech and language content of riddles in general and well developed associative thinking. Purpose this study was to compare the results of success solving riddles in patients with left body side impairments and right-sided brain damage after a stroke and subjects of control group. Methods: We tested a group of patients with left body sided impairments. Sample had 120 subjects, 60 patients after stroke and control group were 60 people without stroke with similar gender, age and educational structure. Results: A sample of patients with stroke had the average age of 65.85 years. Control sample was approximately the same in age structure of the participants. The average performance of the group with stroke was 31.00%, and the control group 52.86% successfully solved riddles. The task is contained 43 riddles in total. We specifically analyzed the set of riddles where control group had the success rate of 85% or more riddles solved. The group of patients who suffered a stroke had a success rate of 61.3% riddles solved in that same set of riddles. Conclusion: Although patients who suffered a stroke did not have damage to the parts of the brain responsible for speech and language function, most of the patients with left body side impairments and right-sided brain damage showed a below-average ability to solve riddles in comparison to the control group without brain damage.
Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) can inluence the function of respiration, phonation and articulation, quality of speech, swallowing, salivation, and graphomotor skills. Aim and methodology:This chapter is based on research of the degree of impairments of speech, phonation, salivation, swallowing, and handwriting in 64 patients with PD. The results of maximal phonation time (MPT) were compared with two control groups of healthy young (N = 35) and healthy elderly (N = 35) subjects. The degree of impairment of these functions was measured by the Uniied Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) subtests. Results and discussion:In the group with PD, speech impairments of various degrees were present in 82.81% of patients. The problem of salivation control of diferent degrees was present in 68.75% of the sample. Swallowing diiculty of diferent degrees was present in 53.15% of the sample. Diiculty writing of various degrees had 84.38% of the sample. The average MPT in group with PD was 11.61 s, 21.39 s in the group of healthy young, and 20.52 in the group of healthy elderly subjects. Conclusion:Patients with PD on subtests UPDRS had various degrees of damages to the functions. Patients with PD had signiicantly shorter MPT than the control group.
Most patients with SLDs had a low ability of solving riddles. Most of the patients with left brain lesions and perisylvian cortex damage demonstrated lower ability in solving riddles in relation to patients with right hemisphere lesions.
BACKGROUND The roles of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9) in monitoring the patient response to chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are not clearly defined, and inflammatory indices, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), have been sparsely investigated for this purpose. AIM To aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the kinetics of CEA, CA19-9, NLR, LMR, PLR and SII in serum and patient response to chemotherapy estimated by computed tomography (CT) in patients with unresectable mCRC. METHODS Patients with mCRC treated with a 1 st -line and 2 nd -line chemotherapy underwent at least 3 whole-body spiral CT scans during response monitoring according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumour 1.1 (RECIST 1.1), and simultaneous determination of CEA, CA19-9, neutrophil, lymphocyte, platelet and monocyte levels was performed. The kinetics of changes in the tumour markers and inflammatory indices were calculated as the percentage change from baseline or nadir, while receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to select the thresholds to define patients with progressive or responsive disease with the highest sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp). The correlation of tumour marker kinetics with inflammatory index changes and RECIST response was determined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis and the clinical utility index (CUI). RESULTS A total of 102 patients with mCRC treated with chemotherapy were included. Progressive disease (PD), defined as a CEA increase of 25.52%, resulted in an Se of 80.3%, an Sp of 84%, a good CUI negative [CUI (Ve-)] value of 0.75 and a good fraction correct (FC) value of 81.2; at a CEA cut-off of -60.85% with an Se of 100% and an Sp of 35.7% for PD, CT could be avoided in 25.49% of patients. The 21.49% CA19-9 cut-off for PD had an Se of 66.5%, an Sp of 87.4%, an acceptable CUI (Ve-) value of 0.65 and an acceptable FC value of 75. An NLR increase of 11.5% for PD had an Se of 67% and an Sp of 66%; a PLR increase of 5.9% had an Se of 53% and an Sp of 69%; an SII increase above -6.04% had an Se of 72% and an Sp of 63%; and all had acceptable CUI (Ve-) values at 0.55. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, CEA ( P < 0.001), CA19-9 ( P < 0.05), NLR ( P < 0.05), PLR ( P < 0.05) and SII ( P < 0.05) were important predictors of tumour progression, but in the multivariate logistic regression analysis, CEA was the only independent predictor of PD ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION CEA is a useful marker for monitoring the chemothera...
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