During the past two decades, rapid advances in information technology have improved the accuracy and capabilities of optimization techniques. Unfortunately, great number of optimization methods in civil engineering has not found implementation in practice, mainly because the problems were treated only from mathematical point of view, disregarding applicability of obtained solutions in reality. Since the aim of any optimization method is developing methodology that would successfully imitate human reasoning, it is necessary to develop adequate approach that would obtain realistic and applicable solutions. This paper provides basic facts of the optimal reinforced structures design, problem classification, mathematic definition and applicability aspect, as well as preview of methods and references available in the literature.
Original scientific paper Methods for optimal design of the reinforced concrete structures presented in literature usually do not consider detailed reinforcement pattern, or if they do, it is either too generalized or the optimal solution is always the one with the lowest amount of the reinforcement, disregarding its applicability in reality, at the building site. In order to develop adequate apparatus for numerical estimation and easier choice of the most appropriate solution from the practical point of view, a field research was conducted at the building sites for obtaining data about realistic time needed for placing and fixing reinforcement in different formations. Obtained results were normalized and functional correlations between them were established. Testing results confirmed that proposed approach can help a designer to choose the most applicable solution among several theoretically acceptable ones and that the developed reinforcement pattern coefficient can be successfully used in solving complex optimization problems. Keywords: applicability evaluation; optimization; reinforcement pattern; reinforced concrete structures Kvantitativna metoda za ocjenu primjenljivosti projektirane sheme armiranjaIzvorni znanstveni članak U metodama optimalnog projektiranja armiranobetonskih konstrukcija koje se mogu naći u literaturi obično se ne razmatra detaljna shema armiranja ili je, ako se i razmatra, to ili previše uopćeno, ili se za optimalno rješenje uvijek usvaja ono s najmanjom količinom armature, bez obzira na njegovu primjenljivost u stvarnosti, tj. na gradilištu. U cilju razvoja odgovarajućeg matematičkog aparata za numeričku ocjenu i lakši odabir odgovarajućeg rješenja s praktične točke gledišta, provedeno je terensko istraživanje na gradilištima kako bi se prikupili podaci o realnom vremenu potrebnom za postavljanje i fiksiranje različitih rasporeda armature. Prikupljeni rezultati su normalizirani i između njih su uspostavljene funkcionalne korelacije. Rezultati testiranja su potvrdili da prikazani pristup može pomoći projektantu kod odabira najprimjenljivijeg rješenja između nekoliko teorijski prihvatljivih te da se izvedeni koeficijent sheme armiranja može uspješno primijeniti pri rješavanju složenih optimizacijskih problema.
<p>Considering energy efficiency and sustainable development on one side and economy aspects on the other, optimal building design has to meet two confronted demands: to minimize total cost of the construction and to minimize energy consumption, which is usually obtained by implementation of expensive insulation and equipment. This paper presents solving methodology using evolutionary algorithm improved by introducing the tabu search module and combined with EnergyPlus software. The results are demonstrated on the example of optimization of insulation materials and orientation angle of a given building, confirming that proposed methodology successfully meets design demands.</p>
Before the electronic distance meters appears the angles measuring dominated in geodetic networks. Development of distance measuring technology and appearance of automated total stations almost equaled the efficiency of measuring angles and distances. This fact allows designer of geodetic networks to combine angles and distances in order to achieve its needed quality. This paper aims to research possibility of checking measured angle by using cosines theorem on the base of measured distances.
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