The rapid, robust, scalable and non-hazardous sonochemical approach for in situ reduction and direct functionalization of graphene oxide has been developed for non-toxic biomedical applications. The graphene oxide (GrO) was directly functionalized with tryptamine (TA) without using any hazardous acylating and coupling reagents. The reaction was completed within 20min. An impact of ultrasound was inferred for a direct functionalization with other conventional methods. The evolved electronic states were confirmed with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS). The direct covalent functionalization and formation of f-(TA) GrO was proven with FTIR, C solid state NMR, XPS, XRD, Raman' HRTEM, AFM and TGA. The total percentage weight loss in TGA confirms an enhanced thermal stability of f-(TA) GrO. The f-(TA) GrO was further explored for an investigation of in vitro antimicrobial activity to ensure the health and environmental safety. An outstanding antibacterial activity of f-(TA) GrO was found against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus at MIC 128mgmL. It confirms a suitability of f-(TA) GrO for thermally stable antibacterial coating. The f-(TA) GrO showed 39.14-48.9% antioxidant activities, evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay. The inherent cytotoxicity of f-(TA) GrO was evaluated with SRB assay to living cells, MCF-7 and Vero. The estimated cell viabilities were >80% upon addition of f-(TA) GrO over a wide concentration range of 10-80μgmL. The high cytocompatibility of f-(TA) GrO confirms the low toxicity and an excellent biocompatibility. The morphological effect on Vero cell line, evidently confirmed the biocompatibility of f-(TA) GrO. Therefore, f-(TA) GrO was emerged as an advanced functional biomaterial for thermal and biomedical applications.
Ultrasonochemically driven graphene oxide (GrO) functionalization (f) with Sulfanilamide (SA) near-edge catalyzed heterogeneous graphene oxide (h-GrO) as economic scalable f-(SA)GrO is reported. The novel in-situ H2O association was subsequently aligned...
The cytotoxicity profile, antimicrobial assay and antioxidant efficacy of O-doped graphene have confirmed its significance as an advanced functional biomaterial for biomedical applications. Extensive structural investigations complemented the activity studies.
The new sonochemical approach for simultaneous reduction and direct functionalization of graphene oxide (GrO) has been developed. The GrO was functionalized with 2-Aminobenzoxazole (2-ABOZ) in twenty min with complete deletion of hazardous steps. The significance of ultrasound was exemplified with the comparative conventional methods. The newly prepared f-(2-ABOZ)GrO was extensively characterized with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, C solid state NMR, XPS, XRD, HRTEM, SAED, AFM, Raman, UV-vis, FTIR and TGA. The thermal stability of f-(2-ABOZ)GrO was confirmed with total percentage weight loss in TGA. The biological activity of f-(2-ABOZ)GrO was explored with MCF-7 and Vero cell lines. The inherent cytotoxicity was evaluated with SRB assay at 10, 20, 40 and 80μgmL. The estimated cell viabilities were >78% with f-(2-ABOZ) GrO. A high cytocompatibility of f-(2-ABOZ)GrO was ensured with in vitro evaluation on living cell lines, and low toxicity of f-(2-ABOZ)GrO was confirmed its excellent biocompatibility. The morphological effect on Vero cell line evidently supports the formation of biocompatible f-(2-ABOZ)GrO. Therefore, f-(2-ABOZ)GrO was emerged as an advanced functional material for thermally stable biocompatible coatings.
Graphene
oxide-based advanced functional materials offer an ultimate solution
for wider biomedical applications. In situ thermodynamically ultrasound-assisted
direct covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with sulfanilamide
(SA) has synthesized f-(SA)GO. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction,
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron
diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy,
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible
spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) have analyzed the f-(SA)GO structure for functional
activities, expressed through synergistic impact of heteroatomic domains
(SIHAD). The TGA of GO and f-(SA)GO demonstrates their total weight
losses of 82.0 and 61.1%, respectively. Enhanced thermal stability
of f-(SA)GO infers an exothermic behavior obtained with DSC. The surface-induced
in situ thermodynamically controlled nonspontaneous reaction for f-(SA)GO
has facilitated calculations for activation energy (Ea) = – 2.65 × 103 kJ mol–1 and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) = 8.3741 kJ mol–1, energetics for biological activities with sulforhodamine
B assay on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines and antioxidant potential by
free radical scavenging activity with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl).
Cell viabilities are >89.8% for Vero and >90.1% for MCF-7 with
f-(SA)GO over 10 to 80 μg mL–1. Its cytocompatibility
infers establishment of a new material. The morphological effect on
MCF-7 and Vero cell lines confirm its structurally stable biocompatibility.
The SIHAD of f-(SA)GO scavenges radical activity, and its heteroatomic
structure causes valuable physiochemical activities. f-(SA)GO could
emerge as an advanced functional biomaterial for structurally and
thermally stable biocompatible nanocoatings.
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