Surface-Induced in Situ Sonothermodynamically Controlled Functionalized Graphene Oxide for in Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant Evaluations

Abstract

Graphene oxide-based advanced functional materials offer an ultimate solution for wider biomedical applications. In situ thermodynamically ultrasound-assisted direct covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with sulfanilamide (SA) has synthesized f-(SA)GO. Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction pattern, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have analyzed the f-(SA)GO structure for functional activities, expressed through synergistic impact of heteroatomic domains (SIHAD). The TGA of GO and f-(SA)GO demonstrates their total weight losses of 82.0 and 61.1%, respectively. Enhanced thermal stability of f-(SA)GO infers an exothermic behavior obtained with DSC. The surface-induced in situ thermodynamically controlled nonspontaneous reaction for f-(SA)GO has facilitated calculations for activation energy (Ea) = – 2.65 × 103 kJ mol–1 and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) = 8.3741 kJ mol–1, energetics for biological activities with sulforhodamine B assay on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines and antioxidant potential by free radical scavenging activity with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). Cell viabilities are >89.8% for Vero and >90.1% for MCF-7 with f-(SA)GO over 10 to 80 μg mL–1. Its cytocompatibility infers establishment of a new material. The morphological effect on MCF-7 and Vero cell lines confirm its structurally stable biocompatibility. The SIHAD of f-(SA)GO scavenges radical activity, and its heteroatomic structure causes valuable physiochemical activities. f-(SA)GO could emerge as an advanced functional biomaterial for structurally and thermally stable biocompatible nanocoatings.

Study of molar properties of GO after doping with transition metals for photodegradation of fluorescent dyes

“…The functional edges and electrostatic dipoles streamlined the aq-GO viscous flow in a uniform capillary. 25,26…”

“…The functional edges and electrostatic dipoles streamlined the aq-GO viscous ow in a uniform capillary. 25,26 Monolayer water adhesion around GO spins are controlled by temperature as,…”

Ultrasound technology assisted colloidal nanocrystal synthesis and biomedical applications

“…In 1994, the first issue of the academic journal of sonochemistry, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry , was published. Currently sonochemistry technology has a wide range of applications in organic synthesis [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , materials [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , organometallic chemistry [46] , [47] and industrial manufacturing [48] , [49] .…”

Advanced graphene-based (photo & electro) catalysts for sustainable & clean energy technologies

“…The review will also look at the electrocatalytic uses of graphene-based materials, including their contributions to fuel cells, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reduction reaction, the nitrogen (N 2 ) reduction reaction, supercapacitors, the oxidation of organic pollutants, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting, the alcohol oxidation reaction, and more. 7–16…”