No abstract

In this work, a comparative study between three carbon materials has been carried out to investigate the impact of the micro/mesoporous structure of the carbon substrate on their adsorption capabilities.

Global energy demand has significantly increased in the last decades, and consequently, the environmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuels. More sustainable energy sources are required, and it is imperative to develop more efficient energy storage and conversion devices. In this context, batteries and fuel cells are promising options for stationary, portable, and transport applications.[1] Unfortunately, both polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and metal-air batteries are limited by the need for high Pt loadings in the cathode due to kinetic limitations imposed by the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).[2] The conditions in the cathode can also result in the degradation of the carbon support (carbon corrosion) and Pt agglomeration, dislodgement, and dissolution.[3] Efforts aimed to solve these problems have intensified, principally the search for new catalysts materials to reduce or eliminate the need for Pt.[4] In the framework of these initiatives, heteroatoms-doped carbons obtained by carbonization of organic polymer gels (OPGs) are seen as attractive candidates for achieving some of these goals.[5] Even though resorcinol-formaldehyde polymers have been the most extensively studied, other precursors have been recently investigated for applications in batteries and supercapacitors.[6] In this study, high surface area mesoporous carbon materials with variable N and O contents were produced by carbonization of melamine-formaldehyde (MF) and resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) polymer gels in the presence of SiO2 nanoparticles (20 to 200 nm) as hard-templates. Carbon products with up to 8 N-atom% and surface areas up to 500 m2/g were obtained by carbonization of nitrogen-rich melamine polymers (MF-C) depending on the annealing conditions (950°C or 1500°C). By adopting a similar approach, carbons with variable oxygen and nitrogen content were prepared by the combustion of resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF-C) and resorcinol-melamine-formaldehyde (RMF-C) polymers. The materials structure and chemical composition have been extensively investigated using a plethora of different techniques. Pt/MF-C and Pt/RF-C samples were prepared by an impregnation method to evaluate the stability of these catalysts under oxidizing and acidic conditions, as well as their catalytic activity toward the ORR. It was found that an increase in annealing temperature from 950 to 1500 oC resulted in a significant improvement in stability upon cycling the potential in accelerated ageing tests in acid media (0 to 1.4 V vs NHE) comparable or even better than the benchmark material Pt/Vulcan, and a preferential 4-electron reduction pathway for the ORR, as required for fuel cells and metal-air batteries applications. Preliminary data for the reduction of oxygen on Fe/MF-C and Fe/RF-C samples are underway, and preliminary results will also be presented. References [1] Yang et al., Chem. Rev., 111, 3577-3613, 2011. [2] Gasteiger et al., Appl. Catal., B56,9-35, 2005/Li Y. and Lu J., ACS Energy Lett., 2(6), 1370-1377, 2017. [3] Macauley et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 165(6), F3148-F3160, 2018. [4] Shao et al., Chem. Rev., 116, 3594-3657, 2016. [5] Tesfaye et al., Sci. Rep., 9, 479, 2019. [6] Li et al., Micropor. Mesopor. Mat., 279, 293-315, 2019.

Sustainable energy sources, energy storage and conversion devices are required to satisfy the global increase in energy demand and to minimize the environmental problems associated with the use of fossil fuels. Carbon materials are extensively used in supercapacitors, batteries, and fuel cells. For this reason, methods aimed at the development of new carbon materials, with high surface areas and tailorable surface chemistry has been an area of interest for the last couple of decades. More recently, heteroatom-doped carbons have obtained more attention due to the possibility of enhancing the catalytic activity of Pt as well as replacing Pt by non-noble metals, particularly N-doped carbons. In this study, mesoporous carbon (MC) materials were produced by carbonization of nitrogen-rich, melamine-formaldehyde (MF) polymer gels in the presence of SiO2 nanoparticles as a hard-template. Carbon products (MF-NC) with up to 8 N-atom% and surface areas up to 440 m2/g were obtained depending on the SiO2 content (20 nm) and annealing conditions (950°C or 1500°C). Pt/MF-NC were prepared by an impregnation method to evaluate the electrochemical performance of these modified carbon materials as catalyst supports. The incorporation of Fe was also considered to replace Pt as the catalyst, and preliminary stability and catalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) will be discussed in this paper.

A porous carbon with different pore sizes was synthesized and employed as support for PtRu nanoparticles.