Nutrition is an undeniable part of promoting health and performance among football (soccer) players. Nevertheless, nutritional strategies adopted in elite football can vary significantly depending on culture, habit and practical constraints and might not always be supported by scientific evidence. Therefore, a group of 28 Portuguese experts on sports nutrition, sports science and sports medicine sought to discuss current practices in the elite football landscape and review the existing evidence on nutritional strategies to be applied when supporting football players. Starting from understanding football’s physical and physiological demands, five different moments were identified: preparing to play, match-day, recovery after matches, between matches and during injury or rehabilitation periods. When applicable, specificities of nutritional support to young athletes and female players were also addressed. The result is a set of practical recommendations that gathered consensus among involved experts, highlighting carbohydrates periodisation, hydration and conscious use of dietary supplements.
RESUMO:
Este artigo apresenta uma visão panorâmica das primeiras descrições gramaticais das línguas nativas do centro-oeste africano dos antigos reinos do Congo e de Angola, e de Moçambique, na parte sudeste do continente africano, pelos missionários portugueses e/ou ao serviço do padroado português. Merecem particular destaque as obras Gentio de Angola (Lisboa 1642; Roma 1661), Arte da Lingua de Cafre (ca. 1745 [ca. 1680]) e Arte da Lingua de Angola (Lisboa 1697), de Francesco Pacconio S.J. (1589–1641), António do Couto, S.J. (1614–1666) e António Maria da Monte Prandone, O.F.M. (1607–1687), anónimo (fl. ca. 1680) e Pedro Dias, S.J. (1621/1622–1700), respetivamente. Também se apresenta a Obra nova da Lingoa geral de mina (Minas Gerais 1741) de António da Costa Peixoto (1703–1763), que, sendo um leigo, descreve uma língua bantu da família Kwa, falada em Minas Gerais por escravos oriundos do Golfo do Benim, na costa ocidental de África.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Descobrimentos Portugueses; Brasil; África; Escravatura; Historiografia Linguística; Linguística Missionária.
the Rosary, and Lady of the Negroes] for use by the Jesuit missionaries, particularly in the north-eastern of Brazil, to instruct and convert the several Angolan and other Bantu western African slaves living there. This paper describes Dias' grammar book relevance to the Portuguese, Brazilian and Angolan linguistic historiography. Dias' Arte, although a small book (only 48 pages) with no theoretical explanation, is a pioneering Bantu linguistic work, being the first known systematic grammar of (Kahenda-Mbaka) Kimbundu used as general or common language in Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the 17 th century, and the second printed grammar of any Bantu language, preceded only by Vetralla's Regulae quaedam pro difficillimi Congensium idiomatis faciliori captu ad grammaticae normam (Rome 1659) [Some rules to better understand the most difficult language of the Congo people, using grammar norms]. This paper also demonstrates that the Arte da Lingua de Angola, in addition to the influence of Pacconio and Couto's catechism (1642), is based on Manuel Álvares' ars minor (Lisbon 1573), in spite of his ars maior (Lisbon 1572).
We analyze the description of the polite language in the early 17th century Japanese grammars, mainly the ‘large’ grammar (1604–1608) by the missionaries João Rodrigues ‘Tçuzu’ [the interpreter], S.J. (1562–1633), and the Japanese grammar (1632) by Diego Collado, O.P. (late 16th century–1638). Over 350 years of the Pragmatics established as a linguistic domain, one of the first Japanese dictionaries (1603–1604) introduced the designation of honorific particles and honored verbs. Rodrigues developed this terminology considerably, having analyzed accurately social and linguistic relationships and ways of Japanese reverence and politeness. He proposed an innovative linguistic terminology, inexistent in former European grammars and dictionaries, of which a part was followed by Collado: honorific and humble or humiliative particles, honored and humble verbs, honorable or honorific and low pronouns. Rodrigues also paid special attention to the women’s specific forms of address, describing their own ‘particles’. To sum up, the earlier 17th century Japanese grammars described pioneeringly what nowadays has been called as the Politeness Principle of Japanese or the honorific language of Japanese, termed as Keigo (respect language) or, academically, Taigū Hyōgen (treatment expressions).
Há documentos na Torre do Tombo que referem um Francisco Sánchez como luveiro de D.ª Catarina, mas, até esta fase das investigações, não foi possível sabermos se se trata da mesma pessoa.
Meaning is a uniquely human phenomenon. In linguistics, this subject matter is especially complex, considering the multiplicity of theoretical approaches and the variety of disciplinary fields that address the issue. A similar concern applies to the concept of reference, because, although most linguists today agree that meaning and reference form two different realities, the discussion about the relation between these two terms has not yet been fully examined. Cognitive Linguistics has made a great contribution to this discussion by recognizing that we cannot present the postulate of the existence of a level of meaning that belongs only to language and is distinct from the level at which the meaning of linguistic forms is associated with the knowledge of the world. The objective of this work is to show that, with Cognitive Linguistics, the ideas of meaning and reference are re-equated and have gained strength in the scope of linguistic studies reinforced by the concept of prototype. For such purpose this text describes the way these concepts have evolved based on their theorisation, paying particular attention to cognitive semantics, but not intending to make an exhaustive theoretical-methodological analysis of them.
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