Determining the water conveyance loss in large-scale irrigation systems is important not only from the points of view of irrigation programming and optimum allocation of deficit resources, but also for the sustainable operation of the system. The aim of this investigation is to determine the conveyance losses of the concrete-lined main, secondary and tertiary canals in the Right Bank Irrigation System of the Ahmetli Regulator in the Gediz Basin, Turkey. The investigation was carried out according to the inflow-outflow method. Average conveyance losses of the main (0.067 l s À1 m À2 ), secondary (0.119 l s À1 m À2 ) and tertiary canals (0.030 l s À1 m À2 ) were found to be higher than either the average conveyance loss of Turkey or the seepage standard of the Bureau of Reclamation. It may be suggested that associations responsible for maintenance, repair and operation of the system can be supported financially to reduce conveyance loss. Apart from this, application of new technologies with lower cost to the systems will reduce conveyance losses. In addition, the participation of farmers in the maintenance of the network will ensure that the system is used more rationally. In this way, most of the operational problems of the system can be solved. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. , 0.030 l s À1 m À2 dans les canaux primaires, secondaires, et tertiaires, respectivement. Ces valeurs sont plus élevées que celles habituellement observées en Turquie, ou que la norme d'infiltration de l'USBR. Dès lors on ne peut que suggérer de financer les associations chargées du fonctionnement et de l'entretien, ce qui n'exclut pas la participation des agriculteurs à ces opérations. En dehors de cela, l'application de nouvelles technologies à faible coût pour les systèmes de réduire les pertes de transport. En outre, la participation des agriculteurs à l'entretien est un gage d'utilisation rationnelle du système.
The aim of this study was to determine the optimum water use of the dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Such information is needed by planners and producers for the design of irrigation schemes to minimise yield reductions under water deficit conditions. Under the present experimental conditions, high grain yields were obtained by meeting the full water needs of the crop (1.94-2.43 Mg ha -1 ), by meeting 75% of their needs (1.92-2.40 Mg ha -1 ), or by irrigation throughout the growing season except during ripening (1.93-2.23 Mg ha -1 ). Grain yields were reduced when irrigation water was not provided during the flowering and yield formation periods, and did not increase significantly in such cases even if water had been supplied during the establishment, vegetative, and ripening periods. The yield response factors for the entire growing season, and for the vegetative, flowering, yield formation and ripening periods, were 1.28, 0.36, 0.84, 0.80, and 0.08 respectively. Thus, to achieve effective vegetative production in semiarid regions such as Isparta, irrigation is absolutely necessary. Under limited water conditions, a water deficit of 25-50% is tolerable throughout the growing season, or during the vegetative and ripening periods.Additional key words: evapotranspiration, irrigation water use efficiency, water use efficiency, yield response factor. ResumenEfecto de un riego deficitario sobre la producción de judía de grano (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) en regiones semiáridas El objetivo de este trabajo fue optimizar el uso de agua para la judía de grano (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lo que es necesario para que productores y gestores puedan diseñar esquemas de riego en condiciones deficitarias de agua. En las condiciones experimentales de este trabajo se obtuvo una alta productividad (1,94-2,43 Mg ha -1 ) cuando las necesidades de agua estaban completamente cubiertas. Cuando las necesidades de agua estaban cubiertas en un 75% y cuando se regaba toda la campaña excepto en la época de maduración, la productividad fue 1,92-2,40 y 1.93-2.23 Mg ha -1 , respectivamente. El rendimiento de grano se redujo cuando no se suministró agua de riego durante los periodos de floración y maduración de granos, y este rendimiento no aumentó significativamente en tales casos aunque el agua se suministrara durante los periodos de establecimiento, vegetativo y maduración. Los factores de respuesta del rendimiento para el periodo de crecimiento completo, y para los periodos vegetativo, de floración, de formación de granos y de maduración fueron de 1,28, 0,36, 0,84, 0,80 y 0,08 respectivamente. Por tanto, para conseguir una producción efectiva en regiones semiáridas como Isparta, el riego es absolutamente necesario. En condiciones restringidas de agua, un déficit del 25-50% es tolerable a lo largo de toda la campaña, o durante los periodos vegetativo y de maduración.Palabras clave adicionales: eficiencia en el uso de agua, eficiencia en el uso de agua de riego, evapotranspiración, factores de producción, producción de granos.Abbreviations u...
In the study carried out in Turkey in 2015, maize (Zea mays L. indentata), was cultivated by applying the drip irrigation system, with the aim of examining the effect of different irrigation applications on some anatomical features of the plant in detail. A period of 6 days was selected for irrigation interval and C2S1 quality irrigation water was used. Optimum condition (100%) and ecological conditions identified as ± 25% of the condition were created based on the Class A Pan method. For anatomical examination, the samples of maize were put in epon 812 and semithin sections were stained with toluidin blue. The semithin sections were examined with light microscopy and photographed. Ultrathins were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and their micrographs were taken. The vascular bundles surrounded the pith like a ring in the root. Very few stomata were observed in the stem. The pith was paranchymatic. The leaf was unifacial. The lower and the upper epidermis were amphistomatic and contained graminea stomate type. Numerous bullate cells with different sizes were observed in the epidermis. The mesophyll was formed by irregular cells due to stress under over-irrigation and limited irrigation conditions. The small vascular bundles were embedded in the mesophyll. The results were compared for two different ecological conditions by performing biometric measurements in some tissues in the root, stem and leaf. As a result, it was determined that maize cultivated under over-irrigation and limited irrigation conditions showed anatomical changes due to stress effect, adapted to the conditions and did not show abnormal structures compared to maize cultivated under optimum condition. Ecological condition created by reducing irrigation water by 25% in the cultivation of maize studied is anatomically convenient. The results obtained are significant for water saving in irrigation. However; morphological, physiological, etc. parameters of the plant should also be considered for an accurate suggestion.
Bu makale Harran Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Koordinatörlüğü (HÜBAK) tarafından desteklenen bir tez çalışması olup 16018 No'lu proje kapsamında yürütülmüştür.
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