INTRODUCTIONHealth Literacy has been defined as the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health. 1 The term health literacy comprises the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of individuals to obtain, process and understand the health information in a different approach which enable individual lifestyle changes, life quality improvements, prevention of diseases, and maintenance of good health. 2,3 Health literacy refers to the ability of people to develop information and efficacy acting on them, to raise awareness of the determinants of health and to understand basic health information and services in order to make appropriate health decisions.4 Individuals with low Health Literacy are reported to have difficulties in understanding the information given by healthcare providers, reading the medical labels and following a good treatment compliance. Therefore, the effectiveness of preventive care services on these people is worse. However, they are more likely to have a greater risk for hospitalization, and have a higher rate of emergency service admissions and all these increase the cost of healthcare expenses. ABSTRACT Background:The purpose of this study is to determine the level of Health Literacy of teachers who work at the city center of Eskisehir and to evaluate the relation with eating behaviors and some of possible related variables. Methods: This cross-sectional research study was conducted between 1 st of March and 28 th of April 2017 with the primary, secondary and high school teachers. Study group consists of 825 teachers who agreed to participate to the study. The Questionnaire form includes the socio-demographic variables of teachers, potential factors associated with the health literacy, Turkish Health Literacy Scale 32 (THLS-32) and The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Results: The mean age was 41.91±8.80 years ranging from 22 to 65 years. The median score of the general index of the THLS-32 was found to be as 32.81 and 52.1% of our study population were found to be above the median score. The participants showed a negative correlation between the scores of 'emotional eating','uncontrolled eating' scale and THLS-32, positive correlation between 'cognitive restraint' eating scale THLS-32. Conclusions: The health literacy level of teachers is important because of effecting both themselves and students. The teachers and the health care providers should collaborate on the topic more and they should be encouraged to participate in health related programmes.

Objectives:The present study was conducted to develop an instrument for measuring adults’ glaucoma knowledge levels and to establish the instrument’s validity and reliability.Materials and Methods:The study group consisted of 811 persons aged 40-80 years who presented to primary health care institutions and did not have a glaucoma diagnosis. A 27-item questionnaire measuring level of glaucoma knowledge was created by the study team. Following expert consultation, it was structurally evaluated. The difficulty index and discrimination index were calculated for each item. Factor analysis was used to determine construct validity, Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient and item-total correlations were calculated to determine reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the extent to which the factor structure of the scale fit. We analysed correlation with the National Eye Health Education Program (NEHEP) Eye-Q scale in order to evaluate the validity of the scale.Results:The final glaucoma knowledge level questionnaire comprised 10 items in one dimension. The discrimination index and difficulty index ranged between 0.28 to 0.65 and 33 to 61%, respectively. According to factor analysis, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin score was 0.760 and Bartlett’s test indicated p<0.001. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable scale fit and fit indices. Validity assessment revealed a positive correlation between the total score of the items of the NEHEP scale and glaucoma knowledge level questionnaire score (r=0.522; p<0.001). Scores were higher in participants who were aged 40-64, living in the city, had education level of high school or above and had previous eye examination or intraocular pressure measurement. Conclusion:The glaucoma knowledge level questionnaire has the distinction of being the first valid and reliable scale for assessing level of glaucoma knowledge in Turkey.

This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and June 2019 among high school and university students in Turkey's Eskişehir Province.The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee. Written permissions were obtained from the Eskisehir Provincial Directorate of National Education and Eskişehir Osmangazi University. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.High schools in Eskişehir were socioeconomically classified as low, medium, and high based on the status of territories that surround them. The minimum sample size was calculated as 384 people with the following criteria: 95% confidence interval, 5% type 1 error, 5% acceptable margin of error, and assuming that the prevalence of onychophagia is 50%. Two high schools were chosen randomly from each region. Two schools were randomly selected for each region, and it was planned to reach 200 students per school (a total of 400 students per region). Thus, the aim was to reach at least 1,200 high school students for three different regions. For university students, the sample size was calculated as a minimum of 384 people for each faculty, at least 1,540 students in total, based on a 95% confidence interval and 5% error margin, assuming 50% frequency of onychophagia. The study group consisted of 3,475 students, of whom 1,471 (42.3%) were high school students and 2,004 (57.7%) were university students. Students' family income status was labeled as low, medium, and high based on the students' perceptions.Data collection was performed in classes of students on days

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge and awareness of glaucoma and their possible determinants in a group of people diagnosed with glaucoma and in a population based group without glaucoma.Methods: The study included people with an age range of 40 to 80years; 410 patients without glaucoma who admitted to primary health care service and 113 patients who admitted to hospitals with diagnosis of glaucoma. In addition to Glaucoma Knowledge Level Questionnaire (GKLQ), participants were asked about their socio-demographic characteristics, level of awareness and resources of the information about glaucoma. Multivariate logistic regression and multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the variants which have impact on the level of the awareness about glaucoma and to evaluate the factors effective on the score of GKLQ, respectively.Results: The ratio of awareness about glaucoma was found to be 64.1% in people without glaucoma. The knowledge and awareness about glaucoma were found to be higher in glaucoma patients compared to healthy people but not at a desired level. The education level was the only factor effecting both awareness and knowledge about glaucoma.Conclusions: As awareness about glaucoma can lead to early detection, the assessment of the knowledge and awareness about glaucoma is very important in terms of disease prevention. Health education and preventive health care services should be programmed including for both glaucoma patients and healthy people based on the level of their education.

Background This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in a semi‐rural area in a city in Turkey and to evaluate perceived social support and quality of life by examining some of the variables thought to be related. Methods The study was conducted on 827 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women aged 40–60 years. The questionnaire included sociodemographic characteristics, some variables associated with depression, questions from the Beck Depression Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and European Health Impact Scale ‐ Quality of Life‐8 (EUROHIS‐QOL‐8) scale. Results The prevalence of depression was 23.1% (n = 191) in the study. The prevalence of depression was found to be higher in single/widowed/separated individuals (odds ratio (OR): 2.539; 95% CI: 1.593–4.047) and at poor income levels (1.980; 1.000–3.021). The frequency of depression was found to be lower in those who gave birth once or twice (0.470; 0.294–0.752), those with a high level of social support (0.959; 0.948–0.971), and those with a high level of QOL (0.836; 0.794–0.879). There was a moderate negative correlation between the depression scale and QOL scale scores (r = −0.405, P = 0.001). A weak negative correlation was found between depression and social support scores (r = −0.383, P = 0.001). Conclusion Women are more vulnerable to depression in premenopausal and postmenopausal periods. Being single/widowed, having a poor income level, having low social support, and low QOL are important risk factors which increase the frequency of depression.