Recent year statistics have revealed the build-up of excess liquidity in Cameroonian commercial banks for more than two decades now. This has led to renewed interest in liquidity management, as it has implications on the financial performance of commercial banks. This paper is therefore designed to examine the impact of excess liquidity on the financial performance of commercial banks in Cameroon. Using Return on Assets (ROA) as proxy for the measurement of financial performance, secondary data from 1990 to 2016, with the application of the VAR technique, the findings reveals that excess liquidity and total liquid outflows affect ROA negatively. Gross domestic product, interest rate gap, total liquid inflows and previous year ROA had positive effects on ROA. Also from the empirical findings, there is an existing significant negative chain between excess liquidity, commercial bank performance and economic growth in Cameroon based on the Koyck Geometric lag reasoning. To address the negative vicious cycle chain, we therefore recommend guided minimum and maximum liquidity regulatory control and government effort geared towards encouraging moral suasions and special directive of investment by commercial banks in the agricultural, industrial and the educational sectors in Cameroon. Also, commercial banks should set maturity mismatch limits appropriate to the size of excess liquidity observed in each bank. Attempt to reverse the chain is part of the assurance to Cameroon emergence by 2035.

Borrowing is the main stream through which small and medium size enterprises obtain funds for investment in Cameroon, and interest rate is a key determinant of how much funds these firms can acquire. It is against this backdrop that this study investigates the effects of lending relationship on the interest rate of commercial banks. Specifically, this study examines the effects of lending relationship factors like duration, pre-existence and trust and firm characteristics such as age, size, incorporation form and the gender of bank borrowers on the lending interest rates of commercial banks. A total of 119 questionnaires were administered to 9 commercial banks and their borrowers in Fako Division, South West Region of Cameroon and the ordered logistic regression method was employed as the analytical technique. Findings showed that trust in a relationship, preexisting relationship, firm size and incorporation form and gender of bank borrower significantly affect lending interest rate while duration of the relationship and firm age had insignificant effects. It was recommended that commercial banks should consider using relational social control measures. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes in the existing literature in that though the concepts/topic may be well represented in conference proceedings and reports it has not moved to a formal publications like the journals, hence this research study represent a way in which the topic will be moved into a formal publication.

Efficient healthcare systems in developing economies are significant indicators of development. Health can either be optimised households' choices between preventive and curative healthcare services. In Cameroon like other developing countries, domestic healthcare service is either considered to be a normal or luxury good to households with competing alternative providers such as the public and private providers. To examine the healthcare preferences of households in the North West Region of Cameroon, a purposive sample of 300 households were collected and analysed using a multinomial logistic model. Households' characteristics such as sex and age of household heads, marital status of household heads and monthly income as well as providers' specific characteristics such as the reputation of the healthcare providers are significant determinants households 'healthcare choices. Implicitly the reputation of the healthcare provider serves as a signal for households to overcome information asymmetry on the quality of healthcare services offered. This study suggests that standardizing the measure of reputation of healthcare providers would be an efficient signal of quality to healthcare clients. Also, household access to quality healthcare can be improved with efficient healthcare support programs and deferred payment options.

This current study investigates the impact of digital technology and entrepreneurship development on economic development in SSA as applicable in the  COVID-19 pandemic era. Based on regression models with Drisco-Kraay standard errors and the causal mediation analysis, we noted that both  entrepreneurship development and digital technological advancements have the ability to enhance human development in Sub-Sahara Africa. The  moderation outcomes show that the interaction between entrepreneurship development and digital technological advancement is positive, indicating  that the economic development enhancing effect of entrepreneurship development in Sub-Sahara Africa is stronger in African countries with higher  levels of digital technological application.. In light of this, 30% of the national budget should be allocated to funding education, with the remaining 70%  going to other purposes. In order to prevent excessive reliance on foreign technologies and increased inflation, we also advocate for directed openness  policies. Thus, Africans should foster a desire for domestically made goods by enhancing their quality and longevity. In this sense, the market share of  African products on the African market ought to be higher than 7:3 on 1. Which we have now.   Cette étude examine l’impact du développement de  l’entrepreneuriat et des technologies numériques sur le développement économique en Afrique Sub-  saharienne à l’aune de la pandémie de la Covid-19 en utilisant les erreurs standards de Drisco-Kraay et l’analyse de médiation causale. Les résultats  des recherches menées montrent que le développement de l’entrepreneuriat et les progrès des technologies numériques améliorent le développement  humain en Afrique du Sud du Sahara. L’interaction entre le développement de l’entrepreneuriat et les progrès des technologies numériques est positive.  Ce qui indique que le développement économique impliquant l’amélioration de l’entrepreneuriat est plus fort dans les pays africains qui ont un niveau  élevé des progrès des technologies numériques. La relation entre le développement de l’entrepreneuriat et du capital humain, le taux d’inflation,  l’ouverture financière et commerciale à l’échelle mondiale sont significatifs, ce qui implique l’effet positif du développement de l’entrepreneuriat en  Afrique. L’effet négatif de l’inflation sur le développement humain est atténué par le développement de l’entrepreneuriat. Modérer l’effet des technologies  numériques avec le vecteur de contrôle des variables suggère que les progrès des technologies numériques ne sont pas assez consistant  pour pouvoir inhiber l’effet négatif de l’inflation sur le développement humain. De l’analyse de la médiation causale, le recours aux technologies de  l’information et de la communication réduit indirectement le développement économique du continent à travers une nouvelle densité d’affaires. Comme  recommandations, nous proposons que des efforts soient axés sur l’enseignement technique professionnel et commercial pour la création d’emplois. Par  ailleurs, nous conseillons l’allocation d’au moins 30 % du budget de l’Etat au financement de l’éducation, et, afin d’éviter une dépendance excessive  aux technologies étrangères, des politiques dirigées sont indispensables. Les Africains devraient développer le désir de consommer les produits locaux  en améliorant leur qualité et leur longévité afin d’accroitre la part de marché des produits locaux sur le marché Africain.

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