An open, randomized, controlled study with two parallel treatment groups was done to evaluate the efficacy of a Lippia sidoides essential oil (EO) 1% mouthrinse compared with chlorhexidine 0.12% mouthrinse, applied two times daily for 1 week, in the treatment of dental plaque and gingivitis. Fifty-five patients were included in the study. The efficacy variables were the colony count of Streptococcus mutans from the stimulated saliva and periodontal indices on days 0, 7 and 30 after commencement of therapy. Twenty eight patients received chlorhexidine mouthrinse (Periogard((R))) and 27 Lippia sidoides essential oil mouthrinse (Cepakill((R))). The clinical and microbiological parameters were significantly reduced by both mouthrinses. No significant difference was seen between the two groups (p > 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the colony count of S. mutans in both groups (p < 0.05). Chlorhexidine treatment reduced more efficiently than L. sidoides, however, no statistical difference was seen, the efficacy of both groups was similar (p = 0.3). The results indicate that Chlorhexidine mouthrinse reduced plaque index, gingival bleeding and the number of CFU (colonies forming units) more efficiently than L. sidoides but did not reach statistical significance. This study demonstrated that Lippia sidoides EO mouthrinse is effective in reducing microbial plaque and gingival inflammation.
RESUMOA indústria de corantes desenvolve um importante papel na economia do mundo, visto que estes são utilizados em várias atividades fabris. Os corantes têxteis causam especial impacto no meio ambiente principalmente por serem de difícil degradação. Vários processos tem sido estudados a fim de que se consiga realizar um tratamento realmente efetivo em remoção de corantes de efluentes têxteis, entre eles os processos biológicos estão recebendo uma particular atenção por sua eficiência. O tratamento microbiológico de efluentes, especialmente por espécies fúngicas tem ganhado espaço, por estes organismos serem bastante versáteis, tratarem uma grande variedade de tipos de corantes e apresentarem diferentes mecanismos de remoção de cor. Portanto os fungos apresentam-se bastante atrativos e demonstram serem os organismos mais adequados em relação a tratamento de efluentes têxteis. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Efluentes têxteis, Corantes, Fungos, Biossorção, Biodegradação. TEXTILE DYES: A REVIEW ABSTRACTThe dye industry plays an important role in the world economy, since these are used in various industrial activities. The textile dyes cause particular impact on the environment mainly because they are difficult to breakdown. Several processes have been studied in order that they can make a truly effective treatment for removal of dyes from textile effluents, including biological processes are receiving special attention for its efficiency. The microbiological treatment of wastewater, especially for fungal species has gained space for these organisms are quite versatile, treating a wide variety of colors and have different mechanisms of color removal. So fungi have become quite attractive and shown to be more appropriate in relation to the treatment of textile effluents.
This research aims to evaluate the ability of the fungal specie Aspergillus niger AN 400 to metabolize atrazine (ATZ) in model wastewaters, as most of the research with this worldwide used herbicide is focused on bacteria and on soil bioremediation. Firstly, the tolerance of A. niger for ATZ was evaluated in petri dishes. A. niger growth in all the tested ATZ concentrations, up to 30 mg L −1. Biodegradation of ATZ was then conducted in batch reactors of 3 L, with dispersed fungal biomass. Reactors were operated for 8 days at different conditions: without glucose (RG0) and glucose at concentrations of 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0 and 5.0 g L −1-RG0.5; RG1; RG2; RG3; RG4 and RG5, respectively. Control (RC) includes a reactor in the absence of fungal spores. The highest ATZ removal, 72%, occurred in RG3. At higher glucose concentration, substrate competition kinetics may be the responsible for the decrease of biodegradation rate constants. Only 50% of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal was obtained due to the presence of methanol used to dissolve ATZ, which has contributed for most of the COD in reactors. Detoxification of the ATZ solution by the biological treatment was observed by the Allium test.
Foi estudada a eficiência da remoção de nitrogênio e fósforo do efluente de indústria de castanha de caju, por uso de reator aeróbio em batelada com inóculo de Aspergillus niger AN400. O reator recebeu 5 L de água residuária, acrescida de glicose, na concentração de 1 g.L-1 (Etapa I) e de 5 g.L-1 (Etapa II ). Cada etapa teve seis ciclos operacionais, cada um com tempo de reação total de sete dias. Os valores de pH dos efluentes na Etapa I variaram de 6,4 a 8,7 e na Etapa II , de 3,1 a 7,0. Durante a Etapa II , o reator alcançou bons resultados para remoção de nutrientes sem acúmulo de sua concentração no meio: 49% de fósforo total, 60% de ortofosfato, 79% de amônia, 78% de nitrato e 90% de nitrito, indicando que a menor liberação de nutrientes pelos micro-organismos ocorreu na presença de concentração elevada de glicose.
This study evaluated the glucose effect on the removal of methyl parathion by Aspergillus niger AN400. The study was conducted in two stages: toxicity tests on plates and assays in flasks, under an agitation of 200 rpm. The methyl parathion concentrations in the toxicity test ranged from 0.075 to 60 mg/L. The second stage consisted on evaluating reactors: six control reactors with methyl parathion solution; six reactors with fungi and methyl parathion, and six reactors containing fungi, methyl parathion, and glucose. The reaction times studied ranged from 1 to 27 days. Methyl parathion concentrations of up to 60 mg/L were not toxic for Aspergillus niger AN400. The first-order kinetic model served as a good representation of the methyl parathion conversion rate. The first-order kinetic constant was 0.063 ± 0.005 h -l for flasks without addition of glucose, while a value of 0.162 ± 0.014 h -l was obtained when glucose was added.Keywords: Aspergillus niger; biological reactors; glucose; methyl parathion; toxicity. ResumoEste estudo avaliou o efeito da glicose na remoção de metil paration por Aspergillus niger AN400. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas: testes de toxicidade em placas e ensaios em batelada, sob agitação de 200 rpm. As concentrações de metil paration no ensaio de toxicidade variaram de 0,075 a 60 mg/L. A segunda etapa consistiu na avaliação dos reatores divididos em lotes: seis reatores controle, com solução de metil paration; seis reatores com fungos e paration metílico e seis reatores com fungos, paration metílico e glicose. Os tempos de reação estudados variaram de 1 a 27 dias. Concentrações de paration metílico de até 60 mg/L não foram tóxicas para Aspergillus niger AN400. O modelo de primeira ordem representou bem a cinética de degradação do metil paration. A constante cinética foi de 0,063 ± 0,005 h l para reatores sem adição de glicose, enquanto o valor de 0,162 ± 0,014 h l foi obtido quando a glicose foi adicionada.
Eng Sanit Ambient | v.22 n.4 | jul/ago 2017 | 809-820 RESUMOFoi estudada a remoção de compostos BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos) em reator de escoamento contínuo e mistura perfeita, com inóculo de Aspergillus niger AN 400, operado sob o tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) de 12 horas para avaliar a eficiência do sistema na biorremediação de água poluída com gasolina na presença (Etapa I) e na ausência (Etapa II) de glicose). A água poluída com gasolina foi preparada na proporção de 10: 1000 mL (gasolina:água). Na primeira etapa foi ainda estudada a influência da adição de nutrientes no afluente sobre a eficiência do processo. A adição de nutrientes foi benéfica ao processo e, mesmo com a retirada da glicose, a eficiência foi mantida, devido à metabolização do etanol -presente na gasolina brasileira em 25% -pelos fungos, sendo ambos fontes de carbono de assimilação mais fácil para obtenção de energia; o etanol e a glicose, foram usados como cossubstratos na degradação dos BTEX. Assim, na Etapa 2, quando somente havia o etanol no meio, chegou-se a percentuais médios de 88% para benzeno, 90% para tolueno, 90% para etilbenzeno, e de 91% para meta, para e orto-xileno (m, p e o-xileno), com formação de subprodutos fenólicos. A população fúngica predominou no meio ao longo de toda a operação do reator. In the first step it was also studied the influence of the addition of nutrients in the influent on the efficiency of the process. The addition of nutrients was beneficial to the process and, with the removal of glucose, the efficiency was maintained due to the use of ethanol -which is a Brazilian gasoline constituent (25%) -and was used as co-substrate. Both ethanol and glucose are more easily assimilated carbon and energy sources for fungi and were used as co-substrate in the degradation of BTEX. Thus, in PalavrasStep 2, when only ethanol was in the biomedia, averages percentage of 88% for benzene, 90%in toluene, 90% ethylbenzene and 91% for meta, para and ortho-xylene (m, p and o-xylene) were reached, with the formation of phenolic by-products in between. The fungal population in the middle prevailed throughout the operation of the reactor.
Eng Sanit Ambient | v.24 n.1 | jan/fev 2019 | 101-107 RESUMO A agroindústria gera grandes volumes de resíduos com carga poluidora elevada, o que exige o desenvolvimento de tecnologias para minimização de impactos causados pela disposição inadequada desses resíduos no ambiente.A produção de ácido cítrico utilizando resíduos agroalimentares como substrato para fermentação é uma solução para a redução da carga orgânica desses poluentes, além de agregar valor econômico pela geração de produto rentável. Aspergillus niger AN 400 foi utilizado para produzir ácido cítrico a partir de soro de queijo. A pesquisa foi dividida em três fases, conforme adição de açúcar extra (50, 100 e 150 g.L -1 ): Fase I, com glicose; Fase II, com sacarose; e Fase III, apenas com o soro de queijo, sem adição extra de açúcar. Os reatores permaneceram sob agitação de 150 rpm e a 30ºC, por 10 dias. A maior concentração de ácido cítrico (2.379 mg.L -1 ) foi observada quando da adição de 100 g.L -1 de glicose. Porém, em termos de produtividade, os maiores valores foram registrados nos reatores com 50 (458 mg.L -1 .dia -1 ) e 100 g.L -1 (745 mg.L -1 .dia -1 ) de sacarose, seguido pelo reator que continha apenas soro de queijo, sem adição de açúcar extra (313 mg.L -1 .dia -1 ), demonstrando o potencial desse resíduo para a obtenção desse ácido de grande interesse comercial.Palavras-chave: fermentação; soro de queijo; açúcar; Aspergillus niger. ABSTRACTThe agro-industry generates large volumes of waste with high organic load, which requires the development of technologies to minimize the impacts caused by the improper disposal of this waste on the environment. The citric acid produced by agro food wastes as substrate for fermentation is a solution to reduce the organic load of these pollutants and add economic value by generating a profitable product. Aspergillus niger AN 400 was used to produce citric acid from cheese whey. The study was divided in three phases according to the addition of extra sugar (50, 100, 150 g.L -1 ): Phase I, with glucose; Phase II, with sucrose, and Phase III, with cheese whey only, without adding extra sugar. The reactors remained under agitation 150 rpm and at 30ºC for 10 days. The highest concentration of citric acid (2,379 mg.L -1 ) was observed upon the addition of 100 g.L -1 of glucose. However, the greatest yields were recorded in the reactors with 50 (458 mg.L -1 .day -1 ) and 100 g.L -1 (745 mg.L -1 . day -1 ) of sucrose, followed bythe reactor that contained only cheese whey, without adding extra sugar (313 mg.L -1 .day -1 ), demonstrating the potential of this waste to obtain citric acid with a great commercial interest.
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