Although possessing ancient and distinguished histories, the recent urbanization and planning approaches of Madrid, Rome and Athens are relatively unknown to English-speaking planners and urban geographers. This paper reviews the development of each city from the mid-19th century to the present. Special attention is given to the planning instruments developed in each city to guide growth. Each city experienced rapid growth over the past century because of its capital city functions. As a result of strong growth pressures, city planning policies were frequently subverted by private sector interests. Only in the latter part of the 20th century have planning measures become effective in controlling and direct ing urban growth.Modern S European urbanization and planning have not been extensively studied by English language scholars. The ancient cities of Greece and the Roman Empire and the medieval and Renaissance city-states of Italy have been the subjects of considerable scholarly inquiry. However, 19th and 20th century urban development in Europe has not been as intensively analyzed. The present study is an effort to provide an overview and a comparison of the growth of planning activity and planning institutions in three S European capital cities -Madrid, Rome and Athens.
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