Although possessing ancient and distinguished histories, the recent urbanization and planning approaches of Madrid, Rome and Athens are relatively unknown to English-speaking planners and urban geographers. This paper reviews the development of each city from the mid-19th century to the present. Special attention is given to the planning instruments developed in each city to guide growth. Each city experienced rapid growth over the past century because of its capital city functions. As a result of strong growth pressures, city planning policies were frequently subverted by private sector interests. Only in the latter part of the 20th century have planning measures become effective in controlling and direct ing urban growth.Modern S European urbanization and planning have not been extensively studied by English language scholars. The ancient cities of Greece and the Roman Empire and the medieval and Renaissance city-states of Italy have been the subjects of considerable scholarly inquiry. However, 19th and 20th century urban development in Europe has not been as intensively analyzed. The present study is an effort to provide an overview and a comparison of the growth of planning activity and planning institutions in three S European capital cities -Madrid, Rome and Athens.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. American Geographical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Geographical Review. ABSTRACT.Because of strategic location and religious associations, Jerusalem presents many challenges to planners. The British, the Israelis, and the Jordanians each have had differing perspectives on the city, but none has been entirely successful in guiding its development. There is little likelihood of improved planning approaches in the near future. F EW cities evoke such strong emotional response from so many people as does Jerusalem. Sacred to at least three major religions, Jerusalem has long been a source and a scene of contention among the adherents of these faiths and their political sponsors. During the past half century, each of the three religions, represented by a Christian, a Jewish, and an Islamic polity, has attempted to determine the orientation of development in the city. Each effort has had only limited success. The purpose of this article is to compare the disparate planning approaches of the three governments, each with its own philosophy of planning and its distinct orientation. Additionally the particular physical characteristics of Jerusalem and the religious aspects of the settlement have produced a unique combination of factors that affect decisions by planners, regardless of the controlling administration. These conditions are likely to remain influential in the future.Since 1948 Jerusalem has usually been discussed in terms of a threefold division: the Old City, East Jerusalem, and West Jerusalem (Fig. 1). Old City comprises five areas: the Armenian quarter, the Christian quarter, the Jewish quarter, the Moslem quarter, and the Temple Mount, which, depending on religious orientation, is also known as Mount Moriah, Dome of the Rock, or Harim el-Sharif. The Old City is conveniently and precisely defined by its impressive encircling walls, built during the reign of the Turkish sultan Suleiman the Magnificent early in the sixteenth century.East Jerusalem usually refers to the parts of the city outside the walls of the Old City that were under Jordanian rule between 1948 and 1967. The population of East Jerusalem is mostly Arab. Mount Scopus, which lies northeast of the Old City, never was under Jordanian control and hence is considered to be an outlier of West Jerusalem, the third component. It includes not only the areas generally to the west of the Old City but also Mount Zion, immediately adjacent to the Old City on its southern flank. West Jerusalem has been under Israeli control since 1948 and the population is predominantly Jewish. SITE AND SITUATION
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