. Mentor. Responsible for intellectual and scientific content of the study; statistical analysis; critical revision. ABSTRACT PURPOSE:To compare the cardiopulmonary effects and the quality of anesthesia of the extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy. METHODS:Sixteen female dogs, were sedated with intramuscular acepromazine (0.05mg kg -1 ), followed by anesthetic induction with intravenous propofol (4mg kg -1 ), to perform the lumbosacral puncture. The animals were randomly assigned to two treatments:T-F (n=8) extradural administration of fentanyl (5µg kg -1 ), T-M (n=8) extradural administration of methadone (0.3mg kg -1 ). In both treatment groups, opioids were combined with lidocaine, in order to make up a final volume of 0.4mL kg -1 . Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP), intra-operative anesthetic supplementation, blood gases and adverse effects were investigated.RESULTS: HR, arterial pH and blood gases did not differ between treatments at any time point. RR and SABP decreased after epidural anesthesia, but the values were in terms of the physiological range of dogs. Intra-operative anesthetic supplementation was required in 50% and 62.5% of the fentanyl and methadone treated dogs, respectively. CONCLUSION:The extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine allowed cardiopulmonary stability, however sufficient sensitive blockade was not provided in 100% of the dogs.
Intellectual and scientific content of the study, statistical analysis, critical revision. ABSTRACT PURPOSE:To compare the postoperative analgesic effects of lidocaine, morphine and lidocaine plus morphine administered by constant rate infusion (CRI) and analyzing their effects on opioid requirements after orthopedic surgery in dogs. METHODS:Twenty-four dogs underwent fracture repairs were premedicated with IM acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) combined with morphine (0.3mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced with IV propofol (4 to 5 mg/ kg) and maintained with isoflurane. The dogs were randomly assigned to 3 groups and administered a CRI IV of lidocaine (T-L), morphine (T-M) or lidocaine plus morphine (T-LM) at the same doses. Postoperative analgesia was assessed for 24 hours using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (GCPS). Rescue analgesia was performed if the evaluation score exceeded 50% of the VAS and/or 33% of the GCPS. RESULTS:The pain score and postoperative opioid requirements did not differ among the treatments. Rescue analgesia was administered to 1/8 dogs in the T-M and T-LM, and to 3/8 dogs in the T-L. CONCLUSION:Lidocaine, morphine or lidocaine/morphine CRI may be efficacious techniques for pain management in the first 24 hours post-surgery. However, the two drugs administered together did not reduce the postoperative opioid requirement in dogs undergoing fracture repair.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in dogs. Twenty eyes were used in an ex vivo study in which the calibration curve for manometry vs. tonometry was determined by artificially raising the IOP in 5 mmHg increments up to 60 mmHg (10-60 mmHg). Both eyes of 10 anesthetized dogs were studied in vivo to compare manometry vs. tonometry. In the ambulatory study, 168 healthy eyes, 74 eyes with glaucoma and 60 eyes with uveitis were evaluated by tonometry, which was performed with topical anesthesia and 1% fluorescein eye drops for the formation of fluorescein semicircles. The ex vivo study showed an excellent correlation coefficient (r 2 = 0.993) between the aneroid manometer and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the in vivo study, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the IOP values by manometry and tonometry, showing the excellent accuracy of the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the ambulatory study using the Kowa HA-2 tonometer, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) were 15.1±1.8 (12.0 -20.0) for the healthy eyes, 25.2±4.0 (20.0 -38.0) for glaucomatous eyes and 10.1±2.3 (5.0 -13.7) for eyes with uveitis. There was a strong correlation between the IOP values obtained by direct ocular manometry and those from the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the ambulatory study, the IOP values measured by the tonometer were compatible for healthy eyes and for eyes with glaucoma or uveitis. We conclude that Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer is accurate and practical for IOP measurement in dogs. Key words: Applanation tonometer. Dogs. Glaucoma. Kowa HA-2 tonometer. Ocular manometry. Uveitis. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso do tonômetro de aplanação Kowa HA-2 na medição da pressão intraocular (PIO) em cães. Vinte olhos foram utilizados no estudo ex vivo onde a curva de calibração para a manometria versus tonometria foi determinada aumentando artificialmente a PIO em 5 mmHg até 60 mmHg (10 -60 mmHg). Ambos os olhos de 10 cães anestesiados foram estudados no estudo in 1±1,8 (12,0 -20,0), para os olhos com glaucoma 25,2±4,0 (20,0 -38,0), e para os olhos com uveíte,10,1±2,3 (5,0 -13,7). Houve uma forte correlação dos valores de PIO obtidos pela manometria ocular direta com os obtidos com o tonômetro Kowa HA-2. No estudo ambulatorial, os valores mensurados pelo tonômetro foram compatíveis para olhos saudáveis e com glaucoma e uveíte. Nós concluímos que o tonômetro de aplanação Kowa HA-2 é acurado e prático para a mensuração da PIO em cães. Palavras-chave: Cães. Glaucoma. Kowa HA-2. Manometria ocular. Tonômetro de aplanação. Uveíte.
Background and Aim: Tonometers are an important instrument for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in the diagnosis of glaucoma or uveitis. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the main types of tonometers with different IOP measurement methodologies in dogs: TonoVet and TonoVet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (Goldmann applanation). Materials and Methods: IOP was measured in 152 eyes of 76 dogs. A postmortem study was performed by comparing manometry and tonometry values and calculating the correlation coefficient (r2), in vivo real IOP (manometry) among the tonometers was compared, and an outpatient study was conducted with healthy eyes and eyes with signs of glaucoma and uveitis. Results: In the postmortem study, the values of r2 in descending order were Kowa (0.989), TonoVet Plus (0.984), TonoVet (0.981), and Tono-Pen Avia Vet (0.847). The IOP values in mmHg in the in vivo study were as follows: Aneroid manometer (16.8±2.5.7), TonoVet (18.1±2.9), TonoVet Plus (20.6±2.3), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (17.1±2.5), and Kowa (16.1±1.7); in outpatient clinics: TonoVet (16.8±3.8), TonoVet Plus (19.2±2.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (16.2±2.4), and Kowa (15.0±1.3); glaucoma: TonoVet (30.2±3.5), TonoVet Plus (35.0±6.1), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (29.5±4.2), and Kowa (23.9±5.0); and uveitis: TonoVet (14.2±1.4), TonoVet Plus (17.6±1.9), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (13.7±2.1), and Kowa (12.6±1.7). Conclusion: There was a strong correlation between IOP values and manometry in all the tonometers. The highest values were obtained with TonoVet Plus and the lowest with Kowa HA-2. All tonometers accurately measured IOP in dogs, including the latest TonoVet Plus, which showed an excellent correlation coefficient.
ResumoO levantamento de fauna silvestre se baseia em uma série de observações, a fim de catalogar espécimes em dada região. Objetivou avaliar a diversidade de fauna no Resort "Terra Parque", área com relevo colinoso e bioma de Mata Atlântica pertencente ao município de Pirapozinho -SP. A área local foi percorrida a pé, o monitoramento realizado foi utilizado 03 câmeras fotográficas automáticas com funcionamento ininterruptos, fixadas em árvores, registrando indivíduos em atividade diurna e noturna bem como observação direta para coleta dos dados de acordo com a existência de vestígios e pegadas. Os fragmentos do estudo foram divididos em 02 campanhas, cada uma com 05 dias consecutivos, na estação da primavera (outubro/2017), perfazendo 10 dias com 240 horas de dados amostrais. Análises obtidas do processo de monitoramento foram descritivas. Identificados mamíferos através de vestígios e pegadas: Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous e Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; Câmera AF1 resultou nas imagens de répteis -Salvator merianae e mamíferos -Dasypus novemcinctus e Nasua nasua; Câmera AF2 resultou em mamífero -Leopardus pardalis. As armadilhas fixadas em pontos estratégicos de áreas tiveram indícios de ocorrência de mamíferos em contrapartida para répteis são de difícil amostragem, por serem animais inconspícuos. Porém, foram capturados. Ao término do monitoramento foram confeccionadas placas informativas quanto à taxonomia. Conclui-se a importância do monitoramento para identificação dos espécimes para maximizar os esforços de conservação a nível local, tratando-se de um estabelecimento turístico. Palavra-chave: armadilha; diversidade; espécies; fauna; silvestres.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the Kowa HA-2 applanation tonometer in measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in cats. Ten healthy eyes were used in an ex vivo study in which the calibration curve for manometry vs. tonometry was determined by artificially raising the IOP in 5 mmHg increments up to 60 mmHg (10-60 mmHg). Both eyes of 10 anesthetized cats were studiedin vivo to compare manometry vs. tonometry. In the ambulatory study, 78 healthy eyes, 7 eyes with glaucoma and 20 eyes with uveitis were evaluated by tonometry, which was performed with topical anesthesia and 1% fluorescein eye drops for the formation of fluorescein semicircles. The correlation coefficient (r²) between the manometer and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer was 0.993 and the linear regression equation was y = 0.0915x + 0.0878 in the ex-vivo study. In the in vivo study, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) in manometry were 15.6 ± 1.1(14.0 -17.5) and in tonometry were 15.5 ± 1.2(13.5 -17.2), with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between manometry and tonometry. In ambulatory study, using the Kowa HA-2 tonometer, the IOP values (mean±SD, in mmHg) were 15.0 ± 1.5 (11.8 -18.3) for the healthy eyes, 38.4 ± 8.1(29.6 -53.7) for glaucomatous eyes and 10.4 ± 2.0(5.3 -12.2) for eyes with uveitis. There was a strong correlation and accuracy between the IOP values with the manometry and the Kowa HA-2 tonometer. In the ambulatorystudy the IOP values obtained with the tonometer were compatible for animals with healthy eyes and with clinical signs of glaucoma and uveitis. We conclude that the Kowa HA-2 tonometer can be used in the measurement of IOP in cats, since it is a practical and accurate method in this species. Key words: Applanation tonometer. Ocular manometry. Intraocular pressure. Cats. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso do tonômetro de aplanação Kowa HA-2 na aferição da pressão intraocular (PIO) em gatos. Dez olhos saudáveis foram utilizados em um estudo ex vivo no qual a curva de calibração para manometria versus tonometria foi determinada por elevação artificial da PIO em incrementos de 5 mmHg até 60 mmHg (10-60 mmHg). Ambos os olhos de 10 gatos anestesiados foram utilizados no estudo in vivo para comparar a manometria versus a tonometria. No estudo ambulatorial, 78 olhos saudáveis, 7 olhos com glaucoma e 20 olhos com uveíte foram avaliados pela tonometria, que foi realizada com anestesia tópica e colírio de fluoresceína a 1% para a formação de semicírculos de fluoresceína. O coeficiente de correlação (r²) entre o manômetro e o tonômetro Kowa HA-2 foi de 0,993 e a equação de regressão linear foi y = 0,0915x + 0,0878 no estudo ex-vivo. No estudo in vivo, os valores de PIO (média ± DP, em mmHg) na manometria foram de 15,6 ± 1,1(14.0 -17.5) e na tonometria foi de 15,5 ± 1,2(13.5 -17.2), sem diferença significativa (P > 0,05) entre manometria e tonometria. No estudo ambulatorial, com o tonômetro Kowa HA-2, os valores de PIO (média ± DP, em mmHg) foram 15,0 ± 1,5(11.8-18.3) para os olhos saudáveis, 38,4 ± 8,1(29.6...
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