Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID] Methods Design: randomized controlled trial Multicentre or single-centre: not reported Period: not reported Sample size: not reported. Generation of allocation: not reported. Allocation concealment: not reported. Blinding of assessment of treatment effect: not reported. Withdrawals: reported (less than 20%). Intention-to-treat analysis: not used. Follow up: until the fourth postoperative day Participants 172 participants. Sex (male/female): 59/113. Age (mean): 46.95 years. Setting: private hospital in Maracaibo, Venezuela. Inclusion criteria: patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Exclusion criteria: not reported Interventions Control group (no respiratory treatment): n = 44 patients. IPPB group (intermittent positive pressure breathing therapy for 15 minutes, four times daily): n = 45 patients). IS group (incentive spirometry four times daily): n = 42 patients). DBE group (deep breathing exercises under supervision for 15 min, four times daily): n = 41 patients) Outcomes Patients' body temperature, heart rate, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, forced expiratory flow from 25% to 75% of vital capacity, postoperative pulmonary complications, and length of stay Celli 1984 Incentive spirometry for prevention of postoperative pulmonary complications in upper abdominal surgery (Review)

There was a strong correlation between the IOP values obtained by direct ocular manometry and the Tono-Pen XL(®) and Perkins(®) tonometers in dogs and cats. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean IOP obtained with both tonometers in conscious animals, there was, however, a difference between the minimum and mainly in the maximum values that were on average 5-6 mmHg higher with Tono-Pen XL(®) than those measured with Perkins(®), which justifies a table of normal values differentiated for each tonometer.

There was an excellent correlation between the IOP values obtained from direct ocular manometry and the Perkinstonometer in dogs and cats. The Perkins handheld tonometer could be in the future a new alternative for the diagnosis of glaucoma in veterinary ophthalmology.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate and validate the accuracy of the Perkins handheld applanation tonometer for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses and cattle. Both eyes of 10 adult horses and cattle were evaluated in a postmortem study. The eyes from 10 clinically normal adult horses and cattle were also examined after bilateral auriculopalpebral nerve block and topical anesthesia for an in vivo study. IOP was measured postmortem using direct manometry (measured with an aneroid manometer) and tonometry (measured with a Perkins handheld applanation tonometer). The correlation coefficients (r2) for the data from the postmortem manometry and Perkins tonometer study were 0.866 for horses and 0.864 for cattle. In the in vivo study, IOP in horses was 25.1 ± 2.9 mmHg (range 19.0~30.0 mmHg) as measured by manometry and 23.4 ± 3.2 mmHg (range 18.6~28.4 mmHg) according to tonometry. In cattle, IOP was found to be 19.7 ± 1.2 mmHg (range 18.0~22.0 mmHg) by manometry and 18.8 ± 1.7 mmHg (range 15.9~20.8 mmHg) by tonometry. There was a strong correlation between the IOP values obtained by direct ocular manometry and the tonometer in both horses and cattle. Our results demonstrate that the Perkins handheld tonometer could be an additional tool for accurately measuring IOP in equine and bovine eyes.