L. reuteri-containing lozenges may be a useful adjuvant agent to slow re-colonization and improve clinical outcomes of chronic periodontitis. Further studies are required to clarify the optimal dose of the lozenges.

Lozenges containing L. reuteri may be a useful supplement in moderately deep pockets of patients with CP. Low MMP-8 and high TIMP-1 levels may indicate the role of the lozenges in reduction of inflammation-associated markers up to day 180.

Objectives To compare the in vitro activity of plazomicin and two older aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) against 180 isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, including subsets of 60 non-ESBL-producing, 60 ESBL-producing and 60 carbapenem-resistant (46 carrying blaOXA-48, 11 carrying blaNDM and 3 carrying blaOXA-48 and blaNDM) strains. Methods MICs of plazomicin, gentamicin and amikacin were determined by a gradient diffusion method. Gentamicin and amikacin MICs were interpreted according to CLSI criteria and EUCAST breakpoint tables. Plazomicin MICs were interpreted using FDA-defined breakpoints. Results All non-ESBL-producing and ESBL-producing isolates were susceptible to plazomicin. The plazomicin susceptibility rate (71.7%) in carbapenem-resistant isolates was significantly higher than those observed for gentamicin (45%) and amikacin (56.7% and 51.7% according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, respectively). Gentamicin, amikacin and plazomicin susceptibility rates (35.6% for gentamicin; 44.4% and 37.8% for amikacin according to CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints, respectively; 64.4% for plazomicin) in carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae were significantly lower than those observed for carbapenem-resistant E. coli isolates (73.3% for gentamicin; 93.3% for amikacin and plazomicin). Gentamicin, amikacin and plazomicin susceptibility rates for blaNDM-positive isolates were lower than those observed for blaOXA-48-positive isolates, but differences were not statistically significant. Among the isolates that were non-susceptible to both gentamicin and amikacin, the plazomicin susceptibility rate was less than 30%. Conclusions Although plazomicin showed excellent in vitro activity against carbapenem-susceptible isolates, the plazomicin resistance rate increased to 35.6% among carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae and further increased to 45.5% among blaNDM-positive isolates.

antibiyozise ışık tutan yayınlanmış çalışmaları bakteriyolojinin ilk yıllarında, inhibe edici maddelerin organizmalar üzerindeki etkilerini gözlemlediklerini göstermektedir. Alexander Fleming'in (1881Fleming'in ( -1955 1928'de penisilin ile ilgili yayınları tıp tarihinde bir dönüm noktasıdır. Daha fazla antimikrobiyal bileşik keşfedildikçe, bu antimikrobiyallerin kullanımı yoluyla bulaşıcı hastalıkların ortadan kaldırılacağı tahmin edilmiştir. Antimikrobiyal bileşikler keşfedildikçe, bu antimikrobiyallerin kullanımı ile bulaşıcı hastalıkların yok edileceği düşünülmüştür. Maalesef, bu antimikrobiyallere karşı gelişen bakteriyel direnç bu iyimserliği hızla azalttı ve mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarının bu ajanlara duyarlılığı belirlemek için test yöntemleri geliştirmesine yol açtı. İlk araştırmacılar tarafından, antimikrobiyal duyarlılık testlerinin sonuçlarını etkileyen birçok değişken olduğu hızla anlaşılmış ve değişkenlerin standardize edilebilmesi için onlarca yöntem geliştirilmiş ve bu yönde çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu standardizasyon ihtiyacı, standart antibiyotik duyarlılık test metodolojileri geliştiren birçok organizasyonun oluşturulmasını sağlamış ve günümüzde de bu standartlar kullanılır olmuştur. Bu derlemede, meslektaşlarımıza ışık tutması amacıyla bu yöntemlerin tarihçesi ve gelişimi anlatılmaktadır. ABSTRACTThe published studies of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Robert Koch (1843-1910, and especially Paul Ehrlich referring to antibiosis, shows that in the early years of bacteriology they observed the effects of inhibiting agents on organisms. Alexander Fleming's (1881Fleming's ( -1955 publications on penicillin in 1928 was a milestone for medical history. As the antimicrobial compounds are discovered, it is thought that infectious diseases will be eliminated with the use of these antimicrobials. Unluckily, bacterial resistance to these antimicrobials quickly reduced this optimism and led the microbiology lab to develop test methods to determine sensitivity to these agents. Early researchers quickly understood that there were many variables affecting the results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests, and dozens of methods were developed and evaluated to standardize these variables. As a result, the need for standardization has directed many organizations to the production of standard antibiotic susceptibility tests methodologies, which are used today. In this review, the history and development of these methods are summarized to guide our colleagues.

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