This article concerns P. Turin Cat. 1877, a papyrus containing a litany to Osiris and royal ancestors on the recto and a set of administrative texts on the verso. The list of Osiris’ names corresponds to spell 142 of the Book of the Dead, to which the scribe added the names of the main pharaohs, some queens, and some princesses of the 18th Dynasty and the early 19th Dynasty. Most of these royal figures belonged to the family of Ramses II, suggesting that the recto of the papyrus probably dates to the reign of Ramses II, while the verso may date slightly later in the Ramesside Period. The association of names of Osiris with royal names is very rare and the papyrus was probably used in a cultic context, offering an interesting example of a Book of the Dead spell also used in a ritual. الملخص تناقش هذه المقالة الـ P. Turin Cat. 1877، وهي بردية تحتوي على أنشودة أوزيريس وأسلاف العائلة المالكة على خلفية مجموعة من النصوص الإدارية. تتوافق قائمة أسماء أوزيريس مع النص 142 من كتاب الموتى، التي أضاف إليها الكاتب أسماء الفراعنة الرئيسيين وأسماء الملكات وبعض أسماء لأميرات الأسرة الثامنة عشرة وبداية الأسرة التاسعة عشرة. تنتمي معظم تلك الشخصيات الملكية إلى عائلة رمسيس الثاني، مما يشير إلى أن الوجه الخلفي للبردية ربما يرجع إلى عهد رمسيس الثاني، بينما قد يرجع تاريخ الصفحة التي تلي إلى فترة ما بعد عصر الرعامسة بقليل. يعد ربط أسماء أوزيريس بالأسماء الملكية نادراً جداً، ولربما استخدامت هذه البردية في مناسبة دينية، وهذا يعتبر مثالاً هاماً لاستخدام كتاب الموتى أثناء الطقوس الدينية.
The contribution focuses on Cleopatra I, daughter of the Seleucid king Antiochos III and wife of the Lagid king Ptolemy V, and on their daughter Cleopatra II. These two queens radically transformed the relationships between women and power in Ptolemaic Egypt. In 180 BC, Cleopatra I was put at the head of a joint rule including her under-aged son, Ptolemy VI. The official protocols and the divine epithet of the young boy confirmed the preeminency of Cleopatra I : she took over the royal authority between 180 and 177. Cleopatra II was part of six joint rules between 170 and 115, with her brothers Ptolemy VI and/or Ptolemy VIII ; she ruled alone over Alexandria and some other Egyptian cities during the civil war, between 132 et 127. Her place in the protocols and in the dynastic cult, as well as the titles she wore on the temples reliefs show the evolution of her institutional position and underline her legitimating capacity. She took part in the management of the kingdom, together with her co-ruler(s), or alone during the civil war. Nonetheless, the political action of these queens was largely underestimated outside the Egyptian kingdom.
Cet article présente une synthèse du rôle des animaux dans la religion égyptienne en se focalisant tout particulièrement sur le cas des entités hybrides. Alors que l’association avec un ou plusieurs animaux est l’une des caractéristiques des divinités égyptiennes, l’interprétation soulève plusieurs difficultés méthodologiques. Dans la plupart des cas, ces associations sont relativement simples, et mettent en rapport, selon des modalités diverses, un animal avec une divinité ; de telles relations sont alors relativement faciles à identifier et peuvent faire l’objet d’une typologie, en tout cas rudimentaire. Un cas de figure plus complexe est par contre posé par les représentations qui mobilisent non seulement un animal, mais aussi plusieurs motifs iconographiques à la fois. Le présent article commence par identifier les principales formes d’association d’animaux à des divinités, pour ensuite s’interroger plus longuement sur le cas des associations plus complexes, qui sont ici étudiées à partir de deux exemples paradigmatiques : les divinités protectrices et les habitants de la Douat ou monde souterrain.
This essay presents the different kinds of Books of the Dead in use during the Third Intermediate Period. Most of the Books of the Dead are from the Theban area, belonging to the clergy of Karnak, and are on papyri, but some spells were also engraved in the tombs of Lower Egypt, such as in Tanis. At the beginning of the Twenty-first Dynasty, Book of the Dead papyri in hieroglyphs generally follow the Ramesside tradition, only they are a little bit shorter and show some innovations. At the same time, other kinds of papyri appear in both hieroglyphs and hieratic, with many innovations. While hieratic became the most frequently used writing on papyri after the pontificate of Pinedjem II, hieroglyphs for the Book of the Dead do not seem to have been used after the Twenty-first Dynasty.
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