Primary repair of acute and chronic DTTRs in a general population yields satisfactory results in the majority of patients with a low rerupture rate. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:610-16.
Orobanche crenata Forsk. is a widespread holoparasite weed that inflicts severe damage (yield reduction can reach up to 100%) on legume crops in the Mediterranean and West Asian regions. In Italy and Spain, faba bean crop (Vicia faba L.) area has drastically decreased in the last four decades mainly due to O. crenata infection. The effectiveness of soil solarization for controlling O. crenata in heavily and naturally infested fields of faba bean in Sicily (south Italy) was studied during two growing seasons. Ploughed, leveled and moistened soil was mulched with transparent polyethylene sheets for about 50 days from the end of July to early September. The residual effect of solarization was also investigated the next year in season one and two, respectively. Mulching increased mean daily maximum temperatures of the soil by 8.9°C and 10.7°C at 5 cm depth and 11.5°C and 11.3°C at 15 cm depth. Solarization achieved a total control of O. crenata, since no shoots emerged from the treated soil. In contrast, in non-solarized plots shoots of O. crenata emerged and were present at high intensity (from 13 to 44 shoots per faba bean plant), impeding the faba bean plants from producing flowers, pods and seeds. Soil solarization improved faba bean growth and consequently grain yield compared with non-solarized soil. The almost complete control of O. crenata and improvement of growth and grain yield of faba bean were also maintained the next year. soil solarization / crenate broomrape emergence / Vicia faba growth / soil temperature / residual effect Résumé-La solarisation du sol, une technique non chimique pour contrôler Orobanche crenata et améliorer le rendement de la fève. Orobanche crenata Forsk. est une adventice holo-parasite, très répandue, qui inflige de sévères dommages aux cultures légumineuses (la réduction du rendement peut parvenir à 100 % dans les régions de la Méditerranée et de l'Asie occidentale). En Italie et en Espagne, les cultures commerciales de fèves (Vicia faba L.) ont subi une forte réduction dans les 40 dernières années, principalement à cause de l'infestation par O. crenata. Durant deux saisons on a conduit des essais de plein champ en Sicile (sud de l'Italie) pour étudier l'efficacité de la solarisation dans la lutte contre O. crenata. Le sol, travaillé précédemment, nivelé et arrosé, a été couvert d'un paillage plastique en polyéthylène transparent de 20 µm d'épaisseur durant environ 50 jours à partir de la fin juillet jusqu'à début septembre. De plus, l'année suivante, on a évalué les effets résiduels de la solarisation. Le paillage a augmenté respectivement la température moyenne journalière maximale du sol de 8,7°C et 10,7°C à une profondeur de 5 cm et de 11,5°C et 11,3°C à une profondeur de 15 cm. La solarisation a permis un contrôle total d'O. crenata, étant donné qu'aucun bourgeon d'orobanche n'a émergé du sol traité. Par contre, dans les champs non traités avec la solarisation, les bourgeons d'O. crenata ont été nombreux à émerger
Soil solarization is a preplanting technique used in hot climates to control weeds and soilborne pathogens consisting of mulching the soil surface with polyethylene sheets. The increase in temperature associated with solarized soil could affect nitrogen availability for grain legume crops through effects on nitrogen fixing soil microorganisms or other mechanisms. To examine the effects of solarization on natural root nodulation and nitrogen accumulation and partitioning in the plant, two solarization field experiments were carried out over two planting seasons, involving genotypes of both faba bean (Vicia faba) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum). The effect of sowing date was also studied in the first season. Solarization increased the maximum soil temperature by 9-10°C in the first, and by 13-15°C in the second season. At 5 cm below the solarized soil surface, a temperature of over 46°C prevailed for 146 and 280 h over the two respective seasons, while this temperature was not attained in unmulched soil. Solarization delayed the initiation of nodulation and consistently reduced the nodule number per host plant, but generated an approximate doubling of mean nodule weight. The total nodule mass per plant was not affected by the treatment in the first season, but was reduced in the second season. Solarization significantly increased the concentrations of NO 3 À -N, Na + , Zn 2+ , Ca 2+ and K + in the soil extract, and the total nitrogen accumulated in the whole plant. This latter increase was due to both higher plant growth and a greater plant nitrogen concentration. The increased nitrogen level in the plant was not uniform with respect to plant component, varying from 57% in the roots to 198% in the pods and seeds. The plants grown in non-solarized soil accumulated about 31% of their total N content in the shoots of the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. Solarization dramatically improved grain yield by 300-900% in both seasons and in all genotypes studied, due to increased N availability in soil, N accumulation in plants, improved plant growth, and complete control of the parasite weed O. crenata. On the basis of these beneficial effects, soil solarization, which avoids site contamination and is suited to organic farming, should be a good opportunity in Mediterranean areas where the level and stability of grain yields are low, and the infestation of O. crenata is high.
Orobanche crenata is a holoparasitic phanerogam which is particularly noxious to legumes, such as faba bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), etc., and commonly considered one of the major causes which has contributed to re-rizing the area designed to their cultivation. After a few brief references on the origin and diffusion of O. crenata, in this work summarises the results of research into biological aspects and control of this species. The information obtained especially concerns seed production, seed viability, seed longevity and dormancy, seed conditioning and germination, parasitism phases, the effects of parasite attacks on host plants and the means of control
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