Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common manifestation of atherosclerosis that is associated with systemic in ammation. The aim of our study was to assess whether plasma markers of in ammation increased after exercise in patients with PAD. The study was conducted on two groups of 20 subjects each: one group (mean age 68.4 6 5.09 years) was affected by PAD with claudication, while the other group consisted of healthy controls (66.9 6 6.1 years). Concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) were determined in plasma, in supernatants and in cells stimulated with 1 mg lipopolysaccharide in all patients. E-selectin (ES), L-selectin (LS) and P-selectin (PS) concentrations and plasma concentrations of VCAM-1 and ICAM-I were also determined. All determinations were performed in patients at rest and after the treadmill exercise. Resting values of soluble mediators were greater in PAD patients than in controls. They increased in both groups after the treadmill test, even if posttreadmill concentrations were signi cantly higher in PAD patients (PAD p < 0.001 or 0.0001, controls p < 0.05 or 0.001).These results con rm that white blood cell activation is characteristic of systemic atherosclerosis and that these in ammation markers increase in conditions of hemodynamic stress.
Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is responsible for a worldwide pandemic, with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The increasing evidence of an associated relevant prothrombotic coagulopathy has resulted in an increasing use of antithrombotic doses higher than usual in COVID-19 patients. Information on the benefit/risk ratio of this approach is still lacking. Objective: To assess the incidence of relevant bleeding complications in association with the antithrombotic strategy and its relationship with the amount of drug.
The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection is mixed. It ranges from asymptomatic cases, medium-intensity forms with mild to moderate symptoms, to severe ones with bilateral lung involvement and respiratory distress, which can require transfer to ICUs and intubation. In most cases, the clinical picture is characterized by a persistent fever, cough, dyspnoea, expectoration, myalgias, arthralgias, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, nasal congestion, and pharyngodynia. The spread of COVID-19 in Europe has highlighted an atypical presentation of disease involving upper airways and, above all, dysfunction of olfactory and gustatory senses. There is ample evidence that COVID-19 is significantly less severe in children than in adults. However, due to difficulties in assessing the disorder in children, especially among very young patients, the olfaction and gustatory dysfunctions remain open issues. This article sheds light on the upper airway involvement in pediatric COVID-19 subjects.
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