National discourses that are acceptable by the alienated groups determine the level of public tolerance towards those groups. This study thus examined the relationships between religious schema and tolerance of two alienated groups in Indonesia, namely, the atheists and believers in indigenous faiths. Additionally, the study explored the differences in tolerance of these two groups across university cohorts encompassing discrete social climates and curricula. This cross-sectional study involved several universities with differing demographic makeup. The analysis results revealed that the characteristics of the evaluated target group determined the significance of the associations between the dimensions of religious schema and tolerance. Moreover, students in homogeneous educational and social environments tended to exhibit low levels of tolerance towards alienated groups. This study highlighted the importance of scrutinising the functions of intergroup exposure and dialogues in improving intergroup understanding, acceptance, and tolerance within a plural society.

The occurrence of risky actions by the community and the inconsistencies of government policies regarding Covid-19 pandemic led to community non-compliance with the health protocols. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of unrealistic optimism bias and public trust to the government towards non-compliance behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study was a quantitative study with data collection procedures using the survey method. The three questionnaires i.e. the unrealistic optimism bias, public trust in government, and non-compliance behavior, have been adopted from the previous studies and validated using CVI for the purpose of this study. There were 740 participants ranging between 18-25 years old. Stepwise regression analysis was conducted. The results showed that the unrealistic optimism bias and public trust to the government simultaneously contributed to non-compliance behavior in which the unrealistic optimism bias had the highest contribution to noncompliance behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study implies that the government and intervention agencies need to pay attention to the factors of cognitive biases by the individuals and public trust issues for improving the public adherence to the health protocols.