No abstract

List of Papers vii List of Figures xiii Nomenclature xix A substantial amount of work has been done on smoldering fires. Reviews by Babrauskas [10], Ohlemiller [61] and Rein [72] display the complexity of smoldering fire. One of the less understood aspects is the transition from smoldering to flaming fire. Transition from smoldering to flaming fire has been reported by different researchers, but has not been studied systematically. Smoldering, on the other hand, has been thoroughly reported [59, 79]. Since the transition from smoldering to flaming is a concern for domestic fires, woodland fires, aeronautics and spaceflight [72], a better understanding of the mechanisms causing the transition is desirable. Earlier works show that density affects smoldering. Lawson found that cellulose insulation resistant to onset of smoldering at low densities, ignites and smolders at higher densities, i.e

This paper studies whether gravity model parameters estimated in one geographic area can give reasonable predictions of commuting flows in another. To do this, three sets of parameters are estimated for geographically proximate yet separate regions in south-west Norway. All possible combinations of data and parameters are considered, giving a total of nine cases. Of particular importance is the distinction between statistical equality of parameters and 'practical' equality i.e. are the differences in predictions big enough to matter. A new type test based on the Standardised Root Mean Square Error (SRMSE) and Monte Carlo simulation is proposed and utilised.

No abstract

This paper studies whether gravity model parameters estimated in one geographic area can give reasonable predictions of commuting flows in another. To do this, three sets of parameters are estimated for geographically proximate yet separate regions in south-west Norway. All possible combinations of data and parameters are considered, giving a total of nine cases. Of particular importance is the distinction between statistical equality of parameters and 'practical' equality i.e. are the differences in predictions big enough to matter. A new type test based on the Standardised Root Mean Square Error (SRMSE) and Monte Carlo simulation is proposed and utilised.