In its Monthly Bulletin of November 2002, the European Central Bank (ECB) stated that the monthly press conference held by its President represents one of its most important communication channels and that it provides a comprehensive summary of the policy relevant assessment of economic developments. After providing a glossary to translate the qualitative information of the press conferences into an ordered scale, we verify empirically whether and to what extent market expectations react to the information released by the ECB. We found that the public not only understand but also believe the signals sent by the European monetary authority.
In 10 years (1981–1990) 28 out of 54 neonates (51.8%) with definite necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) underwent surgery. Operation was performed at 13.5 ± 8.8 (range 3–38) days of life, after 1.7 ± 1.5 (range 1–6) days from the onset of symptoms. Aiming to perform laparotomy before the occurrence of perforation, surgery was liberally indicated in stage Ilia, according to Walsh‐Kliegman. Explorative laparotomy (+peritoneal drainage in 2 cases) was performed in 4 patients with massive intestinal necrosis: all died within 3 days of surgery. In one neonate, only pneumatosis was present and resection was not considered mandatory. Intestinal resection and enterostomy was performed in 17 neonates, 5 of them with perforation; three developed an intestinal stenosis. Enterostomy was closed after 116.2 ± 61.8 days (range 26–193); 11 patients (64.7%) are long‐term survivors. Intestinal resection and primary anastomosis was performed in 6 babies, 3 of them with perforation. Postoperatively, 2 dehiscences and 1 stenosis were recorded, but all children survived. In our opinion, resection followed by primary anastomosis seems to be the most satisfactory surgical option.
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