Dogs with an adrenal gland tumor with major axis length ≥ 5 cm, documented metastasis, or vein thrombosis had a poorer prognosis. Metastasis was more frequent in dogs with adenocarcinoma and vein thrombosis when tumors were ≥ 5 cm in length.

The development of distant metastasis, which may occur later during the course of the disease, was identified as a prognostic factor for overall survival time in cats with ISSs. In addition, cats with histologic grade 3 ISSs should be considered for further interventional studies with chemotherapy to prevent the high rate of distant metastasis.

For dogs with oral malignant melanoma, increasing tumor size and age were negative prognostic factors. Complete excision of all macroscopic tumor burden improved survival time. Long-term survival was possible following surgery alone. Although systemic adjuvant therapy was not found to improve survival time, this could have been due to type II error.

Absence of the aforementioned combination of variables at diagnosis may help identify dogs with lymphoma that will not survive > 2 years. Other types of neoplasia, in particular osteosarcoma, may develop in long-term-surviving dogs.

Background: Information regarding outcome of dogs undergoing surgical management for insulinoma is based on studies of a small number of dogs.Objectives: To report the outcomes of dogs undergoing surgery as treatment for insulinoma, the prevalence of postoperative diabetes mellitus (DM) in this group and to determine if development of DM can be predicted. Animals: Forty-eight client-owned dogs, with a histopathological diagnosis of insulinoma, from three European referral hospitals. Methods: Retrospective observational study. Dogs were identified from a search of electronic hospital records. Cox's regression was used to determine factors associated with postoperative survival and relapse, and logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with the development of DM. Results: Median survival time (MST) was 372 days (range 1-1680 days), with dogs with stage I disease having the longest survival time. Stage I dogs had MST of 652 days (range 2-1680 days), whereas dogs with either stage II or III disease had MST of 320 days (range 1-1260 days; P = 0.045). Postoperative hyperglycemia was identified in 33% (16/48) of the dogs, of which 9 (19% of the total population) developed persistent DM. No factors that could be used as predictors for development of DM were identified.Conclusions and clinical importance: Stage of disease and postoperative hypoglycemia were associated with greater odds of relapse and decreased survival time; these could be used when discussing prognosis. In this study, postoperative DM developed more commonly than previously reported, but no factors were identified that might be useful predictors.

Results suggested that mammary IC is a biologically aggressive condition in dogs associated with a guarded prognosis. In addition, results suggested that medical treatment may improve outcome, thereby supporting its use in dogs with IC.

Background: Mast cell tumors (MCTs) with bone marrow (BM) involvement are poorly documented in dogs and are associated with a poor prognosis. Successful treatment strategies have not been described.Hypothesis: Clinicopathologic findings of affected dogs are not specific. Administration of lomustine or imatinib is beneficial.Animals: Fourteen dogs with MCT and BM involvement. Methods: Clinical and laboratory evaluations were performed in each dog on admission and during follow-up. All dogs received prednisone. Additionally, 8 dogs received lomustine and 3 dogs received imatinib. Imatinib was administered if tumorassociated tyrosine kinase KIT was aberrant.Results: On admission, 11 dogs had a single cutaneous nodule and 3 dogs had multiple nodules. Involvement of regional lymph nodes, liver, or spleen was observed in each dog. BM infiltration with mast cells (MCs) was observed in all dogs. On CBC, nonregenerative anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia was common. Four dogs had circulating MCs. Increased alkaline phosphatase or alanine transferase activity was observed in 12 and 10 dogs, respectively. Treatment with lomustine induced partial remission in 1 of 8 dogs. Median survival time was 43 days (range, 14-57). Dogs on imatinib experienced complete remission. Two dogs survived for 117 and 159 days, and the third was alive after 75 days. Dogs treated symptomatically did not improve and were euthanized after 1, 14, and 32 days.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A combination of clinical and laboratory evaluation helps in identifying dogs with MCT and BM infiltration. Administration of lomustine is not helpful in affected dogs. The beneficial effect of imatinib warrants further investigation.

Survival times for most tumor types can be good, but surgical margins should be carefully evaluated to ensure complete tumor removal. Adjuvant therapies may be advisable particularly for dogs to reduce rates of local recurrence or distant metastasis.