Hardi EH, Nugroho RA, Saptiani G, Sarinah R, Anggraidini M, Mawardi M. 2018. Identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and channel catfish (Clarias batrachus) culture in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 480-488. This research was conducted to isolate, identify, and characterize pathogenic bacteria from feces and water of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and channel catfish (Clarias batrachus) culture from two selected locations in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured and isolated on NA, TSA, and BHIA media at 30oC for 24 h. Colonies of the isolated bacteria were characterized morphologically in terms of their shape, chromogenesis, edge, and size. Antibiotic sensitivity test on each bacterial isolate was completed using inhibition zone tests. Commercial antibiotics used in this research were nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, and norfloxacin. Koch’s postulates test was done by intraperitoneal injection of bacterial suspension to tilapia (15 g weight) at 103-109 CFU mL-1 in triplicates to determine the pathogenicity of each bacterium. Overall, there were 37 isolates obtained from different sources and growth media that belonged to 14 species: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (1 isolate), Aerococcus urinae (2 isolates), Aerococcus viridans (1 isolate), Aeromonas hydrophila (1 isolate), Citrobacter freundii (5 isolates), Enterobacter amnigenus (2 isolate), Enterobacter cloacae (4 isolates), Escherichia coli (3 isolates), Listeria sp. (1 isolate), Niseria sp. (4 isolates), Pantoea spp. (1 isolate), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 isolate), Staphylococcus aureus (9 isolates), and Streptococcus iniae (2 isolates). Sixteen of the isolates were grown in BHIA medium, 12 isolates in TSA medium and 9 isolates in NA medium. The highest mortality was found in tilapia injected with Enterobacter sp., Listeria sp. and Streptococcus sp. at a density of 109 CFU mL-1. However, the number of bacteria causing mortality in fish was approximately 104-108 CFU mL-1. All bacteria detected in the tilapia and channel catfish cultures were also known as putative pathogens in human.

Saptiani G, Asikin AN, Ardhani F, Hardi EH. 2018. Mangrove plants species from Delta Mahakam, Indonesia with antimicrobial potency. Biodiversitas 19: 516-521. This research was aimed to study biodiversity of mangrove that have potential as an antimicrobial material. The leaves of 4 types of mangroves, namely Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, and Acanthus ilicifolius were chopped, dried and extracted with 3 types of solvents 80% ethanol, water and seawater. The Antimicrobial used Agar Disc Diffusion (ADD) method, and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Microbes that used for the test were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi, Aeromonas hydrophila and Saprolegnia sp. The ADD test showed ethanol extract of A. marina and A. ilicifolius can inhibit S. aureus with inhibition zone 13.33±0.58 mm. All the extract can inhibit A. hydrophila 13.00±1.00 mm and E. coli 12.67±0.58 mm. Ethanol extract of S. alba can inhibit V. harveyi 12.67±0.58 mm and A. ilicifolius 12.33±0.58 mm against Saprolegnia sp. The best of MIC is ethanol extract of A. ilicifolius, following A. marina, S. alba and R. stylosa.

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Untuk mengetahui potensi antibakteri dan konsentrasi optimal jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius), dilakukan uji daya hambat ekstrak dan fraksi daun terhadap pertumbuhan Vibrio harveyi, bakteri penyebab penyakit pada udang. Daun yang sudah dikeringanginkan diekstraksi dengan metanol, sehingga didapatkan ekstrak kasar (crude). Sebagian dari ekstrak kasar dilakukan fraksinasi dengan metode kolom silika gel dengan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat, n-butanol, etanol, dan metanol. Uji daya hambat dilakukan dengan agar disc diffusion method. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah ekstrak kasar, fraksi n-heksan, etil asetat, n-butanol, etanol, dan metanol yang masing-masing konsentrasinya 50-1000 ppm, yang diberikan pada kultur V. harveyi pada media Triptic Soy Agar (TSA). Fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan daya hambat terbaik (12 mm), diikuti ekstrak (11,33 mm), dan fraksi n-butanol (11 mm).

Abstract. Saptiani G, Hardi EH, Pebrianto CA, Agustina, Ardhani F. 2016. Antimicrobial potential of Carica papaya, Ipomoea aquatica, Alpinia galanga and Piper betle against the aquatic microbials. Nusantara . This research was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial potential of the leaves extract from Carica papaya, Ipomoea aquatica, Piper betle and Alpinia galanga stem against Aeromonas hydrophyla, Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, and Saprolegnia spp.; the pathogenic microbes in aquatics. These plants were dried and extracted with water and ethanol, separately. The extract were then tested for its inhibition effect to the microbial by in vitro agar disc diffusion (ADD) at the concentration of 100, 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the concentration of 600, 800, and 1,000 ppm. The result showed that water or ethanol extract f of plants showed potent inhibitor against the aquatic microbial. The ethanol extract of P. betle showed the highest inhibition at 800 ppm, with inhibition zones to A. hydrophyla, and Pseudomonas sp. 12.3 mm, E. coli, and Saprolegnia spp. 12.7 mm. One thousand ppm ethanol extract of P. betle could inhibit the best microbes growth using MIC method to A. hydrophila 189.7 cfu/mL, Pseudomonas sp. 253.0 cfu/mL, Saprolegnia spp.169.3 cfu/mL, and 800 ppm to E. coli 172.7 cfu/mL.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol concoction (mixed extract) of three herbs plants, such as: Boesenbergia pandurata, Solanum ferox and Zingimber zerumbet against Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas sp. and both bacteria. The Plant extracts were obtained by using ethanol and the concentration of the extract was 600 mgL-1 of B. pandurata, 900 mgL-1 of S. ferox and 200 mgL-1 of Z. zerumbet. The inhibition zone was measured after 6, 12, 18, 24 h incubation at 30o C. The ratios of concoction S. ferox and B. pandurata (for 100 mL solution) were 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50; 40:60; 30:70; 20:80; 10:90. The same ratios were made on the concoction of S. ferox and Z. zerumbet. The concoctions of S. ferox and B. pandurata in the ratio of 50:50 and 60:40, and the concoction of S. ferox and Z. Zerumbet with ratio 60:40 had higher antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila single isolate compared to the other concoctions. Furthermore, the concoction extract of S. ferox and B. pandurate 50:50 and the combined of S. ferox and Z. zerumbet ratio 50:50 and 90:10 were the best combination to inhibit the growth of a single bacterium Pseudomonas sp. The combined S. ferox and B. pandurata ratio 50:50; 10:90 and S. ferox mixed with Z. zerumbet ratio 50:50 and 40:60 were the best combination against the combined bacteria between A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas sp. The conclusion of this research was the combined extract of S. ferox and B. pandurata and S. ferox with Z. zerumbet are effective to suppress the growth of single or combination of A. hydropila and Pseudomonas sp.

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