In this paper we use an extensive archive of early New Zealand speakers, together
with comparisons with the other Southern Hemisphere varieties of English, to argue
that dialect mixture and new-dialect formation are not haphazard processes. We
demonstrate that, given sufficient linguistic information about the dialects which
contribute to a mixture, and sufficient demographic information about the
proportions of speakers of the different dialects, it is possible to make predictions
about what the outcome of the mixture will be. We also argue that we have arrived
at a probabilistic solution to the problem of randomness in the transmission of dialect
features from one generation to another in such situations.
In this article we address Labov's claim that
sound changes that are not stigmatized are led especially
by young women who are the “movers and shakers”
in the community, people with energy and enterprise. Such
young women, at the same time, are conservative with respect
to sound changes or stable linguistic variables that are
stigmatized. We investigated this claim by comparing the
pronunciation of the non-stigmatized front vowels /I/,
/ε/, and /æ/ with that of the stigmatized diphthongs
/ai/ and /a[inverted omega]/ in New Zealand English. When we
considered the pronunciation of each variable, the young women did
not unequivocally support Labov's claim. However, when
we examined the behavior of individual speakers across the
two sets of variables, Labov's claim was supported.
This result leads us to emphasize the importance of considering
the behavior of individual speakers in a more holistic
way rather than focusing only on the averaged data for
single variables.
The articles we analysed adopted a variety of emotional intelligence models. Using the Ashkanasy and Daus "three-stream" taxonomy (Stream 1: ability models; 2: self-report; 3: mixed models), we found that Stream 2 self-report measures were the most popular followed by Stream 3 mixed model measures. None of the studies we surveyed used the Stream 1 approach. Findings nonetheless indicated that emotional intelligence was important in maintaining physical and psychological well-being. We concluded that developing emotional intelligence should be a useful adjunct to improve academic and clinical performance and to reduce the risk of emotional distress during clinical placement experiences. We call for more consistency in the use of emotional intelligence tests as a means to create an empirical evidence base in the field of nurse education.
There are two conflicting hypotheses concerning the nature of the New Zealand English short vowel system. One is that this system is conservative and that it is distinguished from the system of English English by changes which have taken place in the latter. The other hypothesis is that New Zealand English is, on the contrary, innovative, and that it is English English which has remained conservative. Drawing on hitherto unavailable data and on recent empirical studies in New Zealand, this paper concludes that both of these hypotheses are to a certain extent wrong and to a certain extent correct.
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