No abstract

Inhalational anesthesia has dominated the practice of pediatric anesthesia. However, as the introduction of agents such as propofol, short-acting opioids, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine a monumental change has occurred. With increasing use, the overwhelming advantages of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) have emerged and driven change in practice. These advantages, outlined in this review, will justify why TIVA will supercede inhalational anesthesia in future pediatric anesthetic practice.

No abstract

The Panda smartphone application can be used in lieu of the original FPS-R and CAS for assessment of pain in children. Children's preference for Panda may translate to improved cooperation with self-report of pain.