This study examined the effectiveness of stages of change-based counselling for exercise delivered by nurses in four primary care centres. Two-hundred and ninety-four subjects enrolled, recruited from patients attending 30-min health checks. The average age of participants was 42.4 years (SD = 15.1) and 77% were female. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing stage of exercise adoption, self-efficacy and exercise levels. Each centre was assigned to either one of three experimental conditions or to a control condition. Participants were counselled accordingly, receiving either stage-oriented exercise materials with counselling (stage plus counselling), stage-oriented materials without counselling (stage no counselling), non-staged materials with counselling (counselling only) or the current level of advice (control). Sixty-one percent (n = 180) returned follow-up questionnaires. When baseline differences in self-efficacy, age and gender were controlled for, there was no significant group or interaction effect for stage. There was a significant time effect (F = 3.55, P = 0.031). Post hoc analyses showed that significant differences were between baseline and 2 (t = -3.02, P = 0.003) and 6 months (t = -2.67, P = 0.009). No changes in self-efficacy and exercise levels were observed. Stage-based interventions were not superior to the other interventions. All single-contact interventions, while having no impact on exercise behaviour and self-efficacy, did enhance motivation to change.
This paper discusses some of the findings of the Bristol Black and Ethnic Minority Health Survey, especially in relation to local plans to improve opportunities for South Asian women to become more physically active. Low levels of participation in exercise sessions were reported in the survey, particularly among Pakistani women. Many of the South Asian women whom we interviewed have poor self-assessed health and limited knowledge of English; they are also economically disadvantaged. It seems likely that exercise sessions outside the home will not reach many of these women. A project has been funded to discuss the research with local women, to identify exercise facilities and improve opportunities for South Asian women to become more active. In what follows we discuss findings relating to all South Asian women but subsequently with particular regard to Pakistani women, the largest single group.A note on ethnic origin terminology Difficulties in the construction and use of terminology of ethnic identity or ethnic origin, and inconsistent use of descriptive terms such as 'Asian' in health and epidemiological research have been discussed in detail'. There are difficulties both in the construction of the categories themselves and in their use and application. In this paper the work reported stems from the Bristol Black and Minority Ethnic Health Survey. In that research a question and a set of categories closely approximating to those in the 1991 UK census were employed. The census categories were themselves a mixture of race/colour designations (Black) and national origin designations (Pakistani). In the parts of our research reported in the present article we focus on people who at Mount Royal University on June 13, 2015 hej.sagepub.com Downloaded from
AFMs experience a considerable amount of strain in relation to their relative's drinking, and have to rely on different ways of coping and social support, as is available to them. Although there is a universality to the experiences of families affected by addictions, this must be interpreted with caution, as it is also accompanied by variations in cultural factors related to these experiences. (PsycINFO Database Record
Supporting Addictions Affected Families Effectively (SAFE): A mixed methods exploratory study of the 5-Step Method delivered in Goa, India, by lay counsellors.
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