Both Frankenhaeuser and Karasek have put forward models describing how job demand and control influence epinephrine and cortisol levels. These models were tested in a sample of 53 women and 51 men in a variety of occupations. They were studied over one rest day and two working days. Subjects reported their perceived demand and control and their mood on each day, as well as providing urine for assessment of urinary excretion rates of epinephrine and cortisol. In men, but not women, epinephrine levels were higher on the working days than on the rest day, and demand was found to covary positively with epinephrine, supporting Frankenhaeuser's model with respect to epinephrine variation in men. However, cortisol levels were not elevated on working days compared to the rest day, and no relationship between job control and cortisol was seen which is in contradiction of Frankenhaeuser's model with respect to cortisol variation. There was some suggestion that demand was most strongly associated with elevated epinephrine in men when job control was low in accordance with Karasek's model, but there was no evidence for such an effect with respect to cortisol.
SummaryUrinary cortisol and adrenaline excretion rates were measured in three Australian Aboriginal communities in the Kimberley region in the north-west of the country. The three communities, Derby, Kalumburu and Kupungarri, differ in size and remoteness and some lifestyle parameters. Cortisol excretion rate is associated with age and urine flow rate, but there is no association with smoking or the consumption of alcohol. All three communities show very high cortisol excretion rates compared to a sample of UK (Oxford) residents and there are also differences between the three communities. Adrenaline excretion rate also shows associations with age and urine flow rate, but not with smoking. Aboriginal people in the Kimberley region excrete adrenaline at a slightly higher rate than that found in Oxford, which itself is high by world standards. There are no marked differences between communities in their adrenaline excretion rates. Alcohol drinkers in Derby, where alcohol is freely available, have higher adrenaline output than non-drinkers.
SummaryUrinary cortisol excretion rates were determined from three urine samples given over 2 days, a rest day and a working day, by 51 men and 50 women. Each subject also completed a questionnaire relating to life style factors and to perceived levels of stress, busyness and happiness on each day. In men, an association between raised cortisol and high levels of stress was found. In women, high levels of busyness were associated with low cortisol excretion rates. The subjective experiences measured accounted for around 10–20% of cortisol variation in this naturalistic setting.
SummaryTwenty-three girls and thirteen boys, aged between 4 and 9 years, gave urine samples which were measured by HPLC for adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and cortisone on a school day and on a home day. Home levels of noradrenaline, cortisol and cortistone were consistently higher than school levels. Cortisol was positively correlated with adrenaline and noradrenaline at home, but not at school. These results may suggest that the school day represents a stimulating but comparatively structured environment with little negative affect, while the home day is characterised by stimulation but relative uncertainty in social interactions.
Urinary catecholamines and cortisol levels in two teams of Oxford college eights oarsmen were compared on three different day types: training days, racing days, and nonrowing days. Adrenaline and cortisol were raised on racing and training days compared to non-racing days. Noradrenaline was raised on training days, reflecting longer periods of physical exercise during training. There was evidence of a progressive lowering of adrenaline output over consecutive race days and that the outcome of the races had an effect on both adrenaline and cortisol. In addition to this there seemed to be differences in cortisol levels between the two teams of rowers on both racing days and nonrowing days.(Br ] Sports Med 1995; 29: 174-177) Keywords: adrenaline; cortisol; noradrenaline; rowing It is well known that the physical strain of sports activity is associated with increases in catecholamines and cortisol in the body and that these hormone elevations are positively related to the intensity of exercise.4 However, in addition to physical strain, the mental stress of competition and the emotions associated with winning or losing have an effect on the secretion of hormones. Mason' 6 believed that psychological factors were a major determinant of hormone levels during exercise. Cambell et al7 reported that cortisol elevation in wrestlers was greater than that found in athletes using bicycle ergometers. Hill et al8 found that rowers engaged in time trials and racing had higher cortisol than when they engaged in vigorous practice exercise.Unlike most investigations in published reports, this short study focuses on both the physical and psychological components of corporate sporting performance.It compares the effect of rowing competitions on two teams of eights oarsmen, where the performance of each team as a whole determines the differing outcomes of the races. It also examine the effect of repeated competitions over a short time span where the crew performance on one day directly affects the racing format and associated pressures for the following day. Methods Urine samples were collected from 16 young male rowers in Oxford. Their average age was 20.7 years (range 19.2-24.9 years). The rowers were the eight crew members of the first and second boats of an Oxford college. Samples from boat I were collected on three training days, four racing days, and two nonrowing days. Samples from boat 2 were collected on four racing days and two non-rowing days. The problems posed by field studies of volunteers meant that we were not able to collect samples on training days for boat 2 since, unlike the first boat, they trained at a different time of day to the races. In addition to this problem, no information was available about the activities of the rowers on non-rowing days.One rower, from boat 1, showed outstandingly high cortisol levels on the non-rowing days (mean value 2.56 gg * h-1 compared to the mean for the other rowers of 0.53 jg h-'). All his results for non-rowing days were excluded from the analysis.Total urine samples were ...
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