Current deforestation practices are likely to result in fragmentation of much of Amazonia. Extreme eastern Amazonia (here referring to the region east of the Tocantins River) is the most populated area of the Brazilian Amazon and, unfortunately, represents the likely future scenario for remaining Amazonia. Although data are available on mammals in central Amazon fragments (the BDFFP project, http://pdbff.inpa.gov.br/), surprisingly little is known about mammalian distribution and responses to fragmentation in eastern Amazonia. As an initial step towards understanding these responses, we compiled available data on mammalian assemblage composition in four fragments east of the Tocantins River, in northeastern Pará, Brazil, between 2002 and 2006. These fragments are privately owned and embedded within a matrix of secondary forest, pasture, slash-and-burn agriculture, and roads. Survey methods included diurnal line transect censusing, nocturnal censusing, live trapping of small mammals, opportunistic observations, and interviews with local informants. Despite environmental stresses, nearly all of the expected large mammalian fauna was recorded at least once, providing reason for optimism. We documented 58 species of mammals in nine orders, and most species we failed to encounter were small nocturnal taxa for which our sampling effort likely was inadequate. Although preliminary in nature, this study highlights the need for comprehensive faunal surveys and complementary ecological research on the fauna of extreme eastern Amazonia. It also indicates that the terrestrial fauna of the region shows indications of resilience in spite of a long history of exploitation.
ABSTRACT. Preliminary survey of the m amm a lian fauna in the Anaj ás·Muaná region, M arajó Island, Pará State, Br azil. A short in ventory ofthe mammali an fauna occurring in an area of lhe Marajó Island was perfo rmed during the rainy season. [n addition to captures by using Sherman and Tomahawk traps, and mi st-nets, indirect evidence was consi dered, e.g. findin g of body fragments of specimens, vocali zati on, and testimonies fram local people. A tolai or 57 species (22 families) was recorded. None ofthem is presently considered as criticall y endangered according to the IUCN cri teria. First confirmed record for lhe fruit-eati ng bat Platyrrhinus brachycephalus (Ro uk & Carter, 1972) in the Maraj ó archipe lago. Addi ti onal surveys condu cted in both wet and dry seasons are required fo r impravin g lhe pra fi le of ri chness and diversity of mamma l species in that region. KEY WORDS. Ma mmals survey, Marajó Island , Amazoni a o Brasil é considerado o país ocidental provido da maior diversid ade de mamíferos do mundo (FONSECA et ai. 1999). Cerca de 60% das mais de quinhentas espécies descritas em seu território ocorrem na porção brasileira da Am azônia, muitas delas endêm icas (S ILVA et ai. 200 1). Do ponto de vista bi ogeográfico, a mastofauna amazôn ica exi be um padrão heterogêneo para marsupiai s, q ui rópteros, primatas e roedores, e homogêneo para edentados, carnívoros e un gulados ( V OSS & EMMONS 1996).As ilhas que compõem o arquipélago de Maraj ó, no estuári o do Amazonas, caracterizam-se pela grande vari abilidade de dimensão territorial, e importante diversidade fitofisionô mica. Em suas encostas se encontram extensas prai as , e em seu interior uma teia hidrog ráfica (rios, furos, igarapés) que abastece e entrecorta matas de terra firme, várzeas, campos e espaços ocupados pel a população ribe irin ha.A ilha de Maraj ó, mais importante do arquipélago, e também a maior do mundo no gênero flúvio-marítimo (50 mil km 2 ), vem sofrendo pressão antrópi ca de moderada magnitude, através da ati vidade agropastoril e extrati vista. Parte de seu
Recent investigations have shown that average within-Tupi genetic distances differ from within-Carib distances, which is possibly due to differences in effective size of the populations belonging to these two linguistic stocks of South American tribes. The aim of this paper is to verify the influence of demographic factors and of interpopulation contacts on the degree of intragroup genetic variability of 18 South American native groups (eight Carib, seven Tupi, and three Gê). The mean per locus per individual heterozygosity (Hm) was studied for seven polymorphic systems and the distance from the centroid rii on Hm was evaluated with regression analysis according to Harpending and Ward's model. Data on intergroup contacts among the populations since the end of the eighteenth century were collected from an extensive review of the ethnohistorical literature. The level of Hm of the three linguistic stocks did not differ, which suggests a homogeneous within-group variation for these groups. In addition, there was no association between gene diversity and population size. On the other hand, demographic size correlated with rii, which suggest that gene frequencies in groups of larger populations more closely resemble the average gene frequencies of native South Americans. Values of rii differed between the stocks, and the average distance from the centroid of the Carib was about 2.6 times greater than that of the Tupi, in accordance with previous genetic distance analysis. It should also be emphasized that there was an important correlation between mean heterozygosity and the degree of historical intertribal contacts. This constitutes a particularly significant finding, suggesting the basic role of intertribal gene flow of the past two centuries on the level of present genetic variability of South American tribes.
In 1989 a group of young researchers from the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi undertook a trip to Alenquer district, State of Pará, to conduct the first fieldwork in bioanthropology among the quilombolas of the community of Pacoval. In this article the trip is revisited and analyzed, 30 years after, to take a glimpse at how it was then and how it is to be a quilombola today. Three decades after that fieldwork, when the Unified Brazilian Health System (SUS) also completes 30 years, and the National Policy of Integral Health of the Black Population makes its 11 th anniversary, the health situation in Pacoval and in most other mocambos remain precarious, and the Black population of Brazil has little to commemorate, as it continues to fight against structural racism and for the right to full citizenship.
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