This review focuses on the state‐of‐the‐art of solid‐state lighting devices (SSLDs)—that is, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) and light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs)—prepared with transition metal complexes featuring thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism. First, the TADF mechanism is briefly introduced, as well as the experimental and theoretical methods applied to study TADF in transition metal complexes. Second, the review presents an exhaustive overview of OLED and LEC devices incorporating organometallic TADF emitters. For each type of device, the description of TADF is organized by respective elements focusing on each emission color, that is, blue, green/yellow, orange/red and, if existing, white. Finally, insights and future potential development of organometallic TADF emitters for lighting devices are comprehensively discussed. Overall, this review complements recent ones focused on TADF small molecules applied to the SSLD field.
The synthesis and characterization of a family of copper(i) complexes bearing a bridged bis-pyridyl ancillary ligand is reported, highlighting how the bridge nature impacts the photo- and electro-luminescent behaviours within the family.
The synthesis, photophysical/electrochemical characterization, and implementation in light‐emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) of three novel red‐emitting heteroleptic [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]PF6 complexes are reported. The complex design consists in combining i) the bridged di(pyrazin‐2‐yl)sulfane N^N ligand with expanded π‐conjugation and electro‐withdrawing 4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine moieties and ii) the [(diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether (DPEphos) P^P ligand. The effect of the N^N ligand substitution on the photophysical, electrochemical, ion conductivity, and morphological features in their respective powders and thin films is thoughtfully rationalized. This is rounded by the trends noted in single‐layered red‐emitting LECs (λmax = 630–660 nm) featuring moderate performances with irradiances of around 60–90 µW cm−2 and total emitted energies in the range of 4–12 mJ. A further optimization using a multilayered architecture, in which hole injection/transport and exciton formation processes are decoupled, leads to a significant enhancement of the irradiance up to ≈150 µW cm−2 and total emitted energies of 91 mJ without affecting device chromaticity. Finally, the best red‐emitting complex in LECs is used to fabricate host:guest white devices, achieving luminances of 12 cd m−2 in concert with an excellent white color quality (x/y CIE color coordinates of 0.31/0.32; color rendering index of 90) stable over lifespan.
Ring-closing metathesis, realized in continuous flow using dimethyl carbonate as a solvent, allowed us to convert up to 10 g of dienes into important building blocks.
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