Dalam pembentukan portofolio efisien, banyak metode yang dapat digunakan. Tentu dengan berbagai asumsi dan keungulannya tersendiri. Pada prosesnya, asumsi investor yang wajar cenderung menghindari risiko (risk averse). Investor yang risk averse adalah investor yang jika dihadapkan pada dua investasi dengan expected return yang sama, maka ia akan memilih investasi dengan tingkat risiko yang lebih rendah. Jika seorang investor memiliki beberapa pilihan portofolio yang efisien, maka portofolio yang paling optimal-lah yang akan dipilihnya. Portofolio optimal dengan kriteria mean-variance efficient portfolio, investor hanya berinvestasi pada aset-aset berisiko saja. Investor tidak memasukkan aset bebas risiko (risk free asset) dalam portofolionya. Mean-variance efficient portfolio didefinisikan sebagai portofolio yang memiliki variansi yang minimum di antara keseluruhan kemungkinan portofolio yang dapat dibentuk, pada tingkat mean expected return yang sama. Metode mean varian dua konstrain dapat dijadikan dasar dalam penentuan bobot portofolio yang optimal yaitu dengan meminimalkan resiko return portofolio dengan dua kendala. Pada artikel ini kendala yang dimaksud disimbolkan dengan lamda dan beta. Dengan metode dua konstrain ini hasil yang diperoleh lebih detail sehingga mampu menggambarkan hasil analisa yang lebih tajam bagi seorang investor.
Panel data modelling in the field of econometrics applies two main approaches, namely fixed effect estimators and random effects. The application of the Hausman and Taylor estimator to real data is used to test for fixed effects or random effects based on the idea that the set of estimated coefficients obtained from the fixed effect estimates is taken as a group. A good estimator is an estimator that is as close as possible to represent the characteristics of the population. The characteristics of a good estimator include unbiasedness, efficiency, and consistency. The purpose of this study is to identify the properties of the Hausman and Taylor estimator in the linear model of panel data. Based on the analysis using panel data, it is found that the Hausman and Taylor estimator on the random effects panel data is an estimator that is consistent and efficient even though it is not unbiased.
In the formation of an efficient portfolio, many methods can be used. Of course with its own assumptions and advantages. In the process, reasonable investor assumptions tend to be risk averse. Investors who are risk averse are investors who, when faced with two investments with the same expected return, will choose an investment with a lower risk level. If an investor has several efficient portfolio choices, then the most optimal portfolio will be chosen. Optimal portfolio with mean-variance efficient portfolio criteria, investors only invest in risky assets. Investors do not include risk free assets in their portfolios. Mean-variance efficient portfolio is defined as a portfolio that has a minimum variance among all possible portfolio that can be formed, at the mean level of the same expected return. The mean variant method of the two constraints can be used as a basis in determining the optimal portfolio weight by minimizing the risk of portfolio return with two constraints. In this article the problem referred to is symbolized by lamda and beta. With this two-constraint method, the results obtained are more detailed so that they can describe the results of a sharper analysis for an investor.
In the capital markets, especially the investment market, the establishment of a portfolio is something that must be understood by investors. Portfolio formation by investors to maximize profits as much as possible by minimizing the risk of losses that may occur. Portfolio diversification is defined as portfolio formation in such a way that it can reduce portfolio risk without sacrificing returns. Optimal portfolio with efficient-portfolio mean criteria, investors only invest in risk assets only. Investors do not include risk free assets in their portfolios. The efficient variance portfolio is defined as a portfolio that has minimum variance among the overall possible portfolio that can be formed, at the same expected return rate. The mean method of one constraint variant can be used as the basis for optimal portfolio determination. The shares of LQ-45 used are shares of AALI, BBCA, UNVR, TLKM and ADHI. AALI shares received a positive weight of 7%, BBCA 48%, UNVR 16%, TLKM 26% and ADHI 3%
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