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A carbon paste electrode bulk-modified with ammonium tetrafluorobismuthate (BiF 4 -CPE) was developed and examined in the anodic stripping voltammetric mode for measurement of selected trace heavy metals. The BiF 4 -CPE has revealed a favorable performance in more acidic solutions (pH 0.5 -2.5) in the presence of dissolved oxygen for Cd(II) and Pb(II) as model metal ions at the low mg L À1 concentration level. In comparison with the bismuth-oxide bulk-modified carbon paste electrode and the other two bismuth film-plated carbonaceous substrate electrodes examined, the BiF 4 -CPE proved to be another attractive variant of the environmentally friendly bismuth-based electrodes, particularly convenient for analysis of acidified water samples.

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Bi films were deposited on glassy carbon electrode from solutions with and without KBr. The morphology of both types of the films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their electrochemical behavior was studied by square wave (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Bi films were also co-deposited with common analyteheavy-metals in the presence of KBr and these films also were characterized by SEM, SWV and CV in order to understand the formation of the mixed metal films. All films studied had a different morphology. Bromide addition made the Bi films more compact and uniform, whereas Pb catalyzed Bi film deposition.

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