Long term planning in power transmission network expansion provides a well ordered and profitable extension of power equipment and facilities to meet the expected electric energy demand with an allowable degree of reliability. However, high quality and improved reliability in energy supply have to be balanced with the available funds. The need to expand transmission network can never be over emphasized. Transmission Network Expansion Planning (TNEP) is a periodical measure that must be carried out due to dynamic societies that attract extra energy demands. It is highly important to minimize the network reinforcement and operational costs while satisfying the increase in demand imposed by technical and economic conditions over the planning horizon. Several optimization algorithms for TNEP problems have been developed and applied over the past decades. This paper presents a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on the TNEP optimization algorithms. The approach of this paper is in the area of highlights of the various available TNEP algorithms, their applications, viability, computational complexities and drawbacks, which can aid in the identifications of the proper methods that can yield an optimal solution to TNEP problem. INDEX TERMS Algorithm, hybrid, meta-heuristics, optimization techniques, power network expansion planning, power system, transmission network expansion.
Several socioeconomic factors such as industrialization, population growth, evolution of modern technologies, urbanization and other social activities do heavily influence the increase in energy demand. A thorough understanding of the effects of energy demand to power grid is highly essential for effective planning and operation of a power system network in terms of the available generation and transmission line capacities. This paper presents an optimal power flow (OPF) with the aim to determine the exact nodes through which the network capacities can be increased. The problem is formulated as a Direct Current (DC) OPF model, which is a linearized version of an Alternating Current (AC) OPF model. The DC-OPF model was solved as a single period OPF problem. The model was tested in several case studies using the topology of the IEEE test systems, and the computation speeds of the different cases were compared. The results suggested dual variables of the problem’s constraints as an extra tool for the network designer to see where to increase the network capacities.
Electrical energy demand increase does evolve rapidly due to several socioeconomic factors such as industrialization, population growth, urbanization and of course the evolution of modern technologies in this 4th industrial revolution era. Such rapid increase in energy demand introduces a huge challenge in power system. Such has paved way for network operators to seek for alternative energy resources other than the conventional fossil fuel system. Hence, the penetration of renewable energy into the electricity supply mix has evolved rapidly in the past three decades. However, the grid system has to be well planned ahead to accommodate such increase in energy demand in the long run. Transmission Network Expansion Planning (TNEP) is a well ordered and profitable expansion of power facilities that meets the expected electric energy demand with an allowable degree of reliability. This paper proposes a TNEP model that minimises the network reinforcements, operational costs and costs of renewable energy penetrations, while satisfying the increase in demand. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The developed model has been tested in several IEEE test systems in multi-period scenarios. The paper also carried out a detailed derivation of the new non-negative variables in terms of the power flow magnitudes, the bus voltage phase angles and the lines’ phase angles for proper mixed integer variables’ decomposition techniques. Moreover, this paper tends to provide additional recommendation in terms of which particular year (within 20 years of planning period) can the network operators install new line(s), new corridor(s) and/or additional generation capacity to the respective existing power networks. Such is achieved by running incremental periods simulations from base year through the planning horizon. The results show the efficacy of the developed model in solving the TNEP problem with a reduced and acceptable computation time even for large power grid system.
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