Phasor Measurement Units have become more and more interesting for monitoring applications in distribution grids. For a large exploitation in medium and low voltage networks, however, a limited cost is required. Such specification, however, should not impact excessively the accuracy requirements, as it is expected that automatic control functionalities will run based on state estimation algorithms, which can be fed by PMU information. In this paper the design of a low cost PMU for distribution grids is proposed, and tested versus the IEEE c37.118.1-2011 standard for accuracy. The development of the low cost PMU is part of the Modular Intelligent Node (MIND) project, where distribution grid components and functionalities are implemented as modular interconnected nodes that run on general purpose hardware.(c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other users.
Abstract:The latest technological developments are challenging for finding new solutions to mitigate the massive integration of renewable-based electricity generation in the electrical networks and to support new and dynamic energy and ancillary services markets. Smart meters have become ubiquitous equipment in the low voltage grid, enabled by the decision made in many countries to support massive deployments. The smart meter is the only equipment mandatory to be mounted when supplying a grid connected user, as it primarily has the function to measure delivered and/or produced energy on its common coupling point with the network, as technical and legal support for billing. Active distribution networks need new functionalities, to cope with the bidirectional energy flow behaviour of the grid, and many smart grid requirements need to be implemented in the near future. However there is no real coupling between smart metering systems and smart grids, as there is not yet a synergy using the opportunity of the high deployment level in smart metering. The paper presents a new approach for managing the smart metering and smart grid orchestration by presenting a new general design based on an unbundled smart meter (USM) concept, labelled as next generation open real-time smart meters (NORM), for integrating the smart meter, phasor measurement unit (PMU) and cyber-security through an enhanced smart metering gateway (SMG). NORM is intended to be deployed everywhere at the prosumer's interface to the grid, as it is usually now done with the standard meter. Furthermore, rich data acquired from NORM is used to demonstrate the potential of assessing grid data inconsistencies at a higher level, as function to be deployed in distribution security monitoring centers, to address the higher level cyber-security threats, such as false data injections and to allow secure grid operations and complex market activities at the same time. The measures are considering only non-sensitive data from a privacy perspective, and is therefore able to be applied everywhere in the grid, down to the end-customer level, where a citizen's personal data protection is an important aspect.
With the transition to a more decentralized electricity sector, Distribution System Operators (DSOs) are facing new challenges, as well as new opportunities, deriving from the growing penetration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). In fact, an increasing penetration of DERs in Low Voltage (LV) grids likely pushes the system to congestion conditions more easily but also adds additional flexibility potential to the power system. Currently, the demand response solutions implemented in a significant number of countries do not consider aggregation of customers/prosumers at LV level but typically focus on fewer resources of greater individual size (i.e. industrial loads) connected to Medium and High Voltage levels. Hence the system requires a new actor to manage the resources connected at LV level in the most efficient way.The paper describes the implementation of a real-time Commercial Aggregator, that pools the generation and/or consumption flexibility offered by its customers to provide energy and services to actors within the system. Results of the emulations carried out in the scope of the FP7 European project IDäL are presented, highlighting the effects of the participation of DERs and Microgrids to the congestion management by offering flexibility products through the involvement of the Commercial Aggregator (CA).
a b s t r a c tDespite the positive contributions of controllable electric loads such as electric vehicles (EV) and heat pumps (HP) in providing demand-side flexibility, uncoordinated operation of these loads may lead to congestions at distribution networks. This paper aims to propose a market-based mechanism to alleviate distribution network congestions through a centralized coordinated home energy management system (HEMS). In this model, the distribution system operator (DSO) implements dynamic tariffs (DT) and daily power-based network tariffs (DPT) to manage congestions induced by EVs and HPs. In this framework, the HP and EV loads are directly controlled by the retail electricity provider (REP). As DT and DPT price signals target the aggregated nodal demand, the individual uncoordinated HEMS models operating under these price signals are unable to effectively alleviate congestion. A large number of flexible residential customers with EV and HP loads are modeled in this paper, and the REP schedules the consumption based on the comfort preferences of the customers through HEMS. The effectiveness of the market-based concept in managing the congestion is demonstrated by using the IEEE 33-bus distribution system with 706 residential customers. The case study results show that considering both pricing systems can considerably mitigate the overloading occurrences in distribution lines, while applying DTs without considering DPTs may lead to severe overloading occurrences at some periods. (M.A. Fotouhi Ghazvini). distribution systems [5]. High demand due to EVs and HPs can also potentially cause overloading of the electricity lines. The distribution system operator (DSO) is confronted with congestion issues when a large number of these loads draws electricity from the grid simultaneously [6]. Uncoordinated operation of these flexible loads can cause unexpected congestions in the distribution system [5]. Real-time pricing (RTP) schemes offered by REPs in liberalized markets can also increase congestions in distribution systems by creating new peak demands in response to the time variable tariffs. The new peaks may cause overloading of lines and transformers [1].Resolving the distribution grid congestion is considered as one of the main duties of DSOs [7]. In long-term planning, the DSO can reinforce the distribution grid according to the identified needs in order to avoid possible congestions in future [8]. It can increase the grid capacity through boosting the investments in the grid infrastructure [6]. The congestion management strategies in shortterm are usually divided into three categories, which are distribution system reconfiguration (i.e., switch operation), direct load control and market-based mechanisms [1]. Market-based mechanisms compared to other two methods are more effective in the
Abstract-The distributed control of islanded AC microgrids is based on the local measurements of the electrical variables at some nodes of the system to perform the secondary control. The Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) guarantee accurate synchronized measurements that can be used as input signals for such distributed controllers. This paper analyzes the effect of one of the characteristic parameters of the PMU, the reporting rate, on the control performance. Verifying that could allow the use of low cost measurement devices with the aim of implementing the monitoring and control of low voltage microgrids.
The growing demand of energy and the need of finding alternative energy sources to the traditional ones, due to the progressive decrease of fossil fuels and an increasing concern towards the environment, have led to a revolution in terms of energy production in the last decade. As a consequence, the distributed generation is more and more widely spreading. The network, in this new dimension, has to change its management and the energy distribution so to achieve and maintain high efficiency requirements. Coming to drop the concept of centralized production, it is immediate to conclude that an efficient distribution of energy must necessarily bring into account the energy footprint of the area, because the energy transport should be always as short as possible, to minimize losses and maximize the efficiency of the network. This concept is the core of the smart-grid idea, on which the global scientific community is investing heavily in research, the idea is a power distribution grid, based on the experience in the information and communications technology field, which can route the energy through appropriate algorithms that are able to determine the optimal path. Of course, behind all this there must be a network structure capable of acquiring detailed data from widespread production and consumption of energy and make them easily available along with additional information, e.g. the Power Quality of the energy exchanged. This information is demanded by simple user, who wants to personally evaluate the functioning of the system, and also by technical personnel, who needs to access to reliable data to perform targeted and efficient interventions. In the present paper, the authors propose a smart energy meter for energy management in power grids. The measurement system has been projected and developed according to the IEEE 1451 (ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451) guidelines. The system is based on a mobile application in order to improve the data exchange and availability.
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