The aim of this study was to examine patterns of comorbidity among personality disorders (PDs) in a sample of 156 psychiatric inpatients. PDs were assessed with Semistructured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders. To determine significant co-occurrence among axis II diagnoses, odds ratio and the percent of co-occurrence of pairs of disorders were calculated. Both statistical methods revealed high rates of comorbidity: significance association was found for 36 pairs of disorders using the percent of co-occurrence, and for 22 pairs of disorders using the odds ratio. These results support the concept of ‘apparent comorbidity’ for most PDs, deriving from conceptual and definitional artifacts or from a ‘state-biasing effect’. In light of these observations, a categorical approach to PDs, resulting in a list of diagnoses, appears useless in psychiatric practice. A dimensional classification is probably better suited for PDs, improving the understanding of personality psychopathology and its clinical implications.
The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of comorbidity among obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and other personality disorders (PDs) in a sample of 400 psychiatric inpatients. PDs were assessed using the Semistructured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to determine significant comorbidity among OCPD and other axis II disorders. The most elevated odds ratios were found for the cooccurrence of OCPD with cluster A PDs (the “odd” PDs, or paranoid and schizoid PDs). These results are consistent with those of previous studies showing a higher cooccurrence of OCPD with cluster A than with cluster C (“anxious”) PDs. In light of these observations, issues associated with the nosologic status of OCPD within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders clustering system remain unsettled.
The lipid islands in the gastric mucosa are small, well delimited white or yellowish-white patches varying in diameter from 0.5 to 3 millimeters. Microscopically they constitute accumulations of macrophages full of lipids. This endoscopic and histological finding was observed in 0.38% of patients who had not undergone gastric resection, and in 18.0% of those who had the intervention, the basis being a case-list of 1381 endoscopic examinations of the upper digestive tract. The endoscopic and histological aspects and the clinical correlations of the gastric lipid islands are discussed, emphasizing the importance of biliary reflux as an etiological factor. The presence of gastric lipid islands must be considered as the expression of a prolonged inflammatory process of the gastric mucosa.
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