This study is focused on the issue of agritourism in developing countries, which is a growing phenomenon and an understudied topic by the academic literature. By developing an investigation on coffee tourism based on multiple stakeholder perspectives around the subject, we contribute
to further the debate over potentialities and benefits of coffee tourism development. We applied grounded theory methodology and through an iterated process involving literature review, a case study on Costa Rica, interviews with coffee experts, and a survey with European tourists, we designed
a theoretical framework of the benefits that coffee tourism can have on both local farmers, who are vulnerable and lowpower stakeholders within the coffee supply chain, and on actual and potential coffee tourists. Our research pointed out that empowerment and cooperation, business diversification,
sustainability, and creation of a destination image are the four main benefits for the local communities of farmers and their families and are also perceived to be creating favorable and attracting conditions for tourists.
This study aims to use a quantitative analysis to explore the effects of openness to Industry 4.0 on the perceived production recovery post the COVID-19 pandemic, mediated by digital and classical reorganization. Openness to Industry 4.0 is measured by the breadth of the number of technologies adopted. The production recovery is measured by the perception of firms that a return to pre-COVID-19 production levels will happen within either 2021, 2022, or 2023. The study takes a representative sample of 2622 manufacturing small and medium enterprises across Italy (surveyed between October and November 2020) through a mediation analysis based on nonlinear probability models (KHB method). The results of the models show the following. First, openness to Industry 4.0 has a positive and significant direct effect on a perceived production recovery in the short term (within 2021) and medium term (within 2022 and 2023). Further, this effect is accelerated in the short term by digital reorganization and in the medium term by the addition of a classical reorganization. The research provides relevant managerial implications based on a large sample of current empirical data, showing that Industry 4.0 technologies, when adopted in tandem with the digital reorganization of production activity, can accelerate production recovery to pre-COVID-19 levels.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.